Queen Hatshepsut – Female Pharaohs – Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt – The New Kingdom
King of Ancient Egypt | Facts Female Pharaohs, Story, Accomplishments in Ancient Egypt | Famous Egyptian Pharaohs kings.
The life story of the most famous queen of the Pharaonic civilization who ruled ancient Egypt for 22 years.
what are her statues, works and monuments of the most important Pharaohs who ruled Egypt throughout history and how she contributed to the advancement of civilization and how she died and more secrets of Queen Amon Khenmet Hatshepsut and more about Ancient Egypt History.
Queen Hatshepsut Facts
Period in Ancient Egyptian Government: 1479-1458 BC.
Duration of her reign: 22 years.
Pharaonic Dynasty: 18th
Dynasty: 1508 BC.
Date of death 1457 BC.
Cause of death: cancer or diabetes.
Daughter: Princess Neferure
Her father: King Thutmose I
Her mother: Queen Ahmose or Ahmes.
Husband: King Thutmose II.
Burial place: Tomb of Queen Hatshepsut | KV60 in Valley of the Kings “Egyptian Tombs“, Luxor.
Pharaonic Monuments of Queen Hatshepsut:
- Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir El Bahari.
- The Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut, the most famous Obelisks of the Pharaohs in the Karnak Temple complex, the Luxor Temple, and The unfinished obelisk in Aswan.
- Stone statues to indicate the development of the art of Sculpture in Ancient Egypt and Architecture in ancient Egypt.
- Hatshepsut’s royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings Necropolis.
Queen Hatshepsut Accomplishments
- The reopening of copper mines “Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy” in Sinai and quarries that have been suspended for long periods.
- Her reign was stable, strong and very prosperous.
- Increased Trade in Ancient Egypt with the countries bordering Egypt.
- To develop Agriculture in Ancient Egypt, she Re-watering of the canal connecting the Nile River to the waters of the Red Sea.
- Construction of Mortuary Temples in Thebes in the area of Deir El Bahari, to Sanctification of the ancient Egyptian deities and religious beliefs as in the Ancient Egyptian religion..
- Construction of buildings in the temple of Karnak.
- The construction of large ships To strengthen the Military of ancient Egypt and the construction of a naval fleet of foreign trade are very strong for the import of incense, perfumes, leather, animals, trees, plants and flowers.
- Sending warships to the Atlantic region to import fish.
- She sent a trade mission to the land of Punt (present-day Somalia) to import gold, ivory, ebony, leather and wood.
- She Sent a fleet of ships to southern Egypt and Sudan to transport huge stones to build the temple in the site of Deir El-Bahari as in Geography of ancient Egypt, in particular the transfer of granite stone.
- The construction of two granite stone obelisks for the worship of God Amun, one in Paris and the other in the temple of Karnak.
Military campaigns under Queen Hatshepsut:
- Sending a military campaign to Nubia to retake southern Egypt.
- Sending a military campaign to Syria and Gaza in Palestine.
- She sent military campaigns to eliminate the rebellion of the people of Nubia and Mao’s region “Revolutions in Ancient Egypt“.
What are the reasons for the appearance of Queen Hatshepsut in the Pharaonic male costume?
- Tradition has not changed the appearance of the exterior of the reigning pharaoh of Egypt.
- At the beginning of her reign, she appeared in a woman’s uniform and Obtaining the Coronation of the Pharaohs, over time, appeared in the form of a muscular male pharaoh, to maintain her place between the ruling family and the Egyptian people.
- Appearing in the clothes of male pharaohs “Clothing in ancient Egypt” in holidays and Festivals in Ancient Egypt in addition to finding statues with the false beard.
why is Queen Hatshepsut so important ?
A strong, ambitious and intelligent woman who trusts her stature and abilities, circumstances have allowed her to be herself.
Queen Hatshepsut is the greatest woman of her time, the daughter of King Thutmose I and her mother Queen Ahmes, she was married her brother King Thutmose II, and was nicknamed the Great Royal Bride, and at the time of his death she was the co-regent on her son’s throne, the child King Thutmose III “It has the Tomb of King Thutmose III | KV34 and The Funerary Temple Of King Thutmose III“, who was nine years old at the time, and she ruled next to him from 1479 to 1457 BC.C.
Queen Hatshepsut is the most important queen of Egypt, whose era was marked by peace and prosperity, the improvement of military strength, the securing of The Egyptian borders and the strengthening and development of diplomatic and trade relations with Egypt’s neighboring countries, It witnessed the development of Ancient Egyptian Literature and Medicine in ancient Egypt.
According to Egyptian religious tradition, Queen Hatshepsut was considered to be outside the religious legitimacy of the government, as the king in power had to be a male representative of God Horus, the lord of the monarchy, in order to grant religious legitimacy and acceptance to the people.
The status of Queen Hatshepsut therefore required some religious political remedies to protect her throne, especially since she began a coregency on the throne of an official king, Thutmose III, and that as a young child; his mother was one of the concubines of King Thutmose II.
With Queen Hatshepsut intelligence and ambition to rule, which she may have begun to practice during the reign of her brother and weak husband Thutmose II, the political conditions in the ruling house gave her the opportunity to ascend the throne and rule alone, even though it was a formal partnership with the little king.
How was Queen Hatshepsut Family Tree?
Queen Hatshepsut is the daughter of King Thutmose I and Queen Ahmes, who was named daughter and sister of the king, most likely the daughter of king Amenhotep I and the sister of Thutmose I, while Hatshepsut’s brothers are three Wadge-Mess, who died at the beginning of his father’s reign.
He was then followed by his younger brother Amon-Mess, who had been appointed army commander and crown prince, his sister Neferouti, his half-brother Thutmose II and his mother, Mut-Nefert, and was one of the concubines of Thutmose I.
The three brothers died prematurely, so that at the time of Thutmose I’s death, only Queen Hatshepsut and her half-brother Thutmose II, who were to get married, had to acquire legitimacy for his reign.
Queen Hatshepsut was not only the legitimate daughter of the first, but also the holy wife of Amun, an important priestly title that emerged in the early eighteenth dynasty, usually occupied by one of the king’s daughters or sisters, and was occupied by Queen Ahmose Nefertar, the mother of King Amenhotep I, who most likely appointed Queen Hatshepsut to this position.
The marriage of Thutmose II and Queen Hatshepsut resulted in only one daughter, Neferou-Ra, whom Queen Hatshepsut wanted to prepare for her subsequent succession and appointed for her a private educator, Senenmut, and named her the holy wife of Amun.
Thutmose II gave birth to his only son, Thutmose III, also to a secondary wife named Isa. Thutmose II wanted to be assured of the inheritance of the throne to his son, Thutmose, with religious propaganda with the help of priests “High Priest of Amun” during a religious ceremony in Karnak, stopping the procession celebrating the statue of the God Amun God Ra in front of the child, invoking a declaration of his choice as king to succeed his father.
However, Thutmose II died and his son was still a child at the age of nine, and he had to marry his half-sister Neferoura to assert his legitimacy to govern.
Due to the young age of Thutmose III, Queen Hatshepsut was the guardian of the throne to manage the affairs of the government, retaining her royal titles, the king’s daughter, the king’s sister, the great royal wife, and the ruler of both lands.
Architect Enini remembers on the walls of his tomb a history of the event: “… Then (Thutmose II) ascended to heaven and merged with the gods, and his son (Thutmose III) sat on his father’s throne as king of both lands and sovereign on his father’s throne.
His sister, the royal wife Queen Hatshepsut, was the one who managed the affairs of the two lands according to her opinions, and Egypt worked under her, which is the excellent seed of God who has come out of it, the marina endowed with the land of the south, the marina of the people of the south and the excellent marina of the back of the land of the north, which is the lady of the order, and her opinions are superior and both lands are assured when she speaks.
This is a distinctive description of the situation in the Royal Palace at the time of the death of Thutmose II.
How did Queen Hatshepsut come to power?
The story began with the reign of Thutmose III and took for him the five royal titles. Queen Hatshepsut was initially satisfied with this, and her early titles expressed it by reminding her Ancient Egyptian Coffins that she was “the great princess, the beloved of the Gods, the lady of all countries, the royal daughter and the royal sister, the great royal wife and the lady of the two lands Queen Hatshepsut.”
There was official recognition of the royal court at the time, and Enini mentioned the following:
“Her Majesty appreciated me and saw my value at court, and filled my house with silver, gold and all that was beautiful from the royal palace,” and Ahmes Ebn Ebana said:
“Hatshepsut overestimated me several times, and I was the educator of his eldest daughter, Princess Neferou, while she was still a baby carried on her hands.”
However, Queen Hatshepsut ambition and desire to rule at the age of 30 created appropriate conditions that allowed him to govern. Especially since she felt in her own decision that she had royal blood and had the right to inherit the throne.
By the end of the second year of King Thutmose III’s reign, Queen Hatshepsut had changed her status from co-regent to reigning queen in partnership with Thutmose III. Of course, she was the de facto ruler of the country and Thutmose III became just a name that appeared with her in the scenes of certain religious rituals, without real authority.
What are the Queen’s five royal titles?
How do you pronounce Queen Hatshepsut?
Queen Hatshepsut had to support her king with religious legitimacy, taking for herself, the five royal titles according to the inherited Egyptian royal tradition (see margin 1 in the book): Hor (Horus): Usseret-Kao-Es means mighty are her spirits.
Title Nebti (the two ladies): Udjat-Renput, that is, her years are flourishing.
Title Hor Nebou (Golden Horus): Neteret-Khaau in the sense Divine are her appearances.
Title Nessout Bitty (Queen of Upper and Lower Egypt): Maat-Ka-ra means the spirit of the cosmic order of the god Ra.
Her title Sat Ra (Daughter of Ra): Amon Khenmet Hat-Shepesut, her personal name, translates the selection by Amon the elite of noble ladies.
Was Queen Hatshepsut the first female pharaoh?
These titles came in male form in accordance with royal tradition, which made Hatshepsut represent herself in Egyptian art, whether it was a sculpture, an inscription or a drawing in the form of men in royal dress as the legitimate king of the country.
However, this was not enough for the people to justify her sitting on the throne, so Queen Hatshepsut resorted to religious support with the help of the priests of Amun Ra, presenting herself as the story of a sacred birth on the walls of her funerary temple in her temple of Deir El-Bahari.
Amon Ra appeared in the form of her father, Thutmose I, married his mother Queen Ahmose to be the fruit of this marriage, the daughter Queen Hatshepsut, and therefore the daughter of God Amun Ra of her body, and in this proportion she has the right to sit on the throne as divine, not as human.
The scenes of the holy birth of Queen Hatshepsut are the recordings of the text and the image of political propaganda through religion recorded in the history of humanity, although preceded by similar propaganda recorded only one text in support of the legitimacy of the first kings of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt,The beginning of the rule of king Userkaf in the era of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, who began their reign around 2504 BC. and lasted nearly a century and a half, like the sons of God Ra from his body.
What is the relationship between Queen Hatshepsut and her lover, the architect Senenmut?
It was the architect Senenmut who built and planned her own funerary temple in the site of Deir El-Bahari in Luxor. The Queen received 80 titles for the architect. We will die with special status at the Royal Court. He raised and taught his granddaughter, Princess Neferou Ra. Architect Senenmut built a tunnel corridor between the Queen’s funerary temple “Pharaonic Temples” and her grave in the Valley of the Kings region.
Queen Hatshepsut extracted for herself some of the statesmen who saved her and, of course, allowed her to elevate their status in the state, and one of the most important of these men was that we are going to die. He was the manager of Amun’s house and was an ambitious man who knew how to manage things for her own property and for herself.
“I was in this country under Queen Hatshepsut from the first moment, when her predecessor (Thutmose II) died, I wasted no time in obtaining the privilege of the queen, who held her hands capable of the fate and management of the country,” he said.
Since the beginning of Queen Hatshepsut tutelage on the throne, the ascension of the Star of Senenmut the association of his name began with many works and commissions of Queen Hatshepsut, and he became the first educator of Queen Hatshepsut daughter, Princess Neferou, princess of both lands and holy wife of Amun.
Senenmut was the director of the great house of his property and the property of his daughter Neferou, the supervisor of Amun’s work, and the director of the king’s works at the temple of Amun, then supervised the construction of the temple of Queen Hatshepsut, and was the architect of temple of Deir El-Bahari, which allowed him to be a decision maker in the domination of the country and perhaps alone in some of his decisions without reference to his queen.
In addition, he represented himself in devotional positions behind the doors of some of the interiors of the Temple of Deir El-Bahari, an unparalleled dare, and he boasted of his fortune with Queen Hatshepsut and looked at the rooms of the royal palace.
This may have disappeared dramatically at the end of the Queen Hatshepsut era, for she did not accept such abuses on the part of any of her, no matter what status she had given him, especially since he had played the role she had assigned to him.
One of the state’s most trusted statesmen was the architect, the queen’s director of affairs, and the educator of her daughter, Princess Neferou, who was responsible for at least the major construction work during the first 16 years of Hatshepsut’s reign.
In addition, Senenmut served as director of the House of God Amun, supervisor of all the works of the pharaoh, as well as many other functions and titles referring to the multiplicity of tasks assigned to him by Queen Hatshepsut, which also indicates the extent of his privilege until he oversaw the preparation of the most specialized royal ornamental tools for official visits.
He was also proud to be the sole ruler of the Royal Palace, and was even allowed to observe the Queen’s chambers, until he became the most powerful man in the state from outside the Royal House, which elevated him to the top of his career and royal privilege.
He then took her down into the scoundrels after thinking that he was capable, that he was the owner of order and prohibition next to Queen Hatshepsut, which made her angry to end his life in darkness after the sixteenth year of Queen Hatshepsut reign without knowing how was his detailed end but the destruction of his Tombs of Sheikh Abdel Gorna “The Pharaonic Tombs from Thebes“, tomb No. 71 on the west bank.
The cartouhes of his names, engraved behind the doors of some of the vaults of the temple of Deir El-Bahari indicates that it was a tragic end, and Snenemut had settled two first tombs in Sheikh Abdel Gurna and had been destroyed, but the rest of his inscriptions indicate that they were one of the most luxurious tombs of the honorable in West Thebes and he also has the 353rd cemetery of Deir El-Bahari.
What was Queen Hatshepsut’s reign like?
The time of Hatshepsut was marked by many architectural constructions, illustrating the prosperity of her time, and provided us with the scenes and inscriptions on which she represented a clear idea of the history and achievements of Queen Hatshepsut, Which shows the extent of the prosperity of its era in Ancient Egyptian science, such as Astronomy in ancient Egypt and Mummification in ancient Egypt among the ancient Egyptians,.
As usual, the kings of the New Kingdom, Hatshepsut also contributed to the buildings of Karnak, establishing the eighth pylon of Karnak and establishing a chapel for the sacred boat of Amun Ra, which Hatshepsut began to build in the seventeenth year of his reign, the chapel known as the Red Chapel.
Most of its stones used in its construction were red sandstone “Industry in ancient Egypt” and black granite stone was also used at its door and foundation, and after Hatshepsut’s death, his stones were dismantled and reused in some of King Thutmose III’s buildings.
King Amenhotep III used most of its stones to fill the third pylon he built with carnations, from which most of its stones discovered in the 1950s came out, and a group of Egyptology Egyptian and French archaeologists were able to discover the original shape of the chapel and rebuild its original stones in 1997.
They arranged them according to the subjects they represented, and were installed north of Karnak in the place known as the Open Museum, and its original location in the middle of the temple was mainly behind the obelisks of Queen Hatshepsut.
What did Queen Hatshepsut do during her reign?
In addition to the usual scenes of the various offerings of the lord of the temple Amon Ra, the scenes and inscriptions in the chapel described many events of the Hatshepsut era.
The celebration of Upet, which was celebrated annually from the time of Hatshepsut, represented Amon Ra’s visit to his wife Mut at the Luxor Temple in a majestic procession accompanied by a variety of rituals, songs, dances, sacrifices and a crowd.
The procession of the statue of Amun Ra, hidden in a small chapel mounted on his sacred boat, accompanied by the boat of his wife God Mut and the boat of their son God Khonsu, marks the holy marriage of Amun and therefore the rebirth of the child God as the birth of the reigning king, and the consecutive re-coronation of the king.
Scenes from the celebration of Queen Hatshepsut with “the Heb Sed“, which can also be translated as the feast of decorations to know more about Music in Ancient Egypt, where the king is adorned with all his royal clothes and insignia.
It is a royal celebration performed by the king at various intervals to rejuvenate and strengthen his reign, and this royal celebration was known to some archaeologists on the King’s Jubilee Day, or the king’s 30th anniversary, as some kings who ruled Egypt for long periods of time were celebrating this royal feast after thirty years of rule for the first time.
This may be due to the length of the reign with which the king needs to rejuvenate and his strength to perform the rituals of this celebration, but this ceremony took place at different times, when the reigning king sees the need for this celebration, as Hatshepsut did here to strengthen her reign alongside her partner on the throne, King Thutmose III.
Scenes of the founding rituals of the temple and the dedication of the red chapel of Amun Ra, as well as those of Queen Hatshepsut by Amon Ra, and in the presence of the gods of creation, whether the Holy Eneade or the Octad of ashmonin, to which Amun belongs.
The coronation ceremony began with the ritual of purification and entry into the Holy of Holies, then Hatshepsut appeared kneeling before her father Amun Ra, and for a time crowned with different crowns, in the company of one of the other gods, Amun appeared, and his wife Mut God Wadjet and God Nekhbet.
Representatives of the Egyptian regions also participated in the coronation. Some archaeologists believed that the red chapel was designed for the coronation of Hatshepsut.
Was Queen Hatshepsut a good ruler?
The inscriptions of this chapel also distinguish the appearance of many scenes in which the two kings, Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, especially in the rituals of progress and processions, appear as co-owners of the government, although Hatshepsut advanced in the scene and was followed by Thutmose III.
This is probably because King Thutmose III grew up and tried to prove his existence as a legitimate king, at the age of about twenty-six at the time. In other words, the red chapel had been dedicated by the two co-monarchs, Thutmose III and Hatchpsut.
The inscription program on the chapel therefore consistent with this concept. Not only that, but only Thutmose III appeared in the scenes of the upper row, perhaps for the death of Hatshepsut before the construction of this chapel was completed by Thutmose III.
Hatshepsut thus affirmed her legitimacy in power, declared her reign and developed a policy for her royal role as the daughter of Amon Ra, his beloved, and united with him, as evidenced by some texts engraved on the walls of the Red Chapel, where Hatshepsut explains her duties and role: “I am the king who skillfully applies the laws, who decides on regulations and punishes those who ignore its regulations. »
Hatshepsut therefore had to confront and ensure law and order among the people, and ensure that the enemies were preserved and prevented. She also referred to it:
“I’m the biggest thing Ra loves. Because I know that he lives there, it is also my bread and I drink from his peers” this royal obligation imposes an understanding of the power and authority entrusted to her by her father Amon Ra, applying the law and establishing any statement of truth, of justice and order on earth and between the parish and in its relations with the lords as a royal obligation according to Egyptian law.
Maat: It is a philosophical and moral concept that means truth, justice and order, the constitution that organized the movement of the universe in ancient Egypt, and the law that traced the king’s relationship with the people and people to the king.
This is the moral principle that every Egyptian has had to follow at all stages of his daily life. He must work before God in the family, society, nation and environment.
This is the constitution that the ancient Egyptian formed as a principle to meet the needs of the Egyptian state and sought to put it in place to avoid chaos and became the basis of Law in Ancient Egypt.
To celebrate Queen Hatshepsut’s day of decoration, she also erected two red granite obelisks for her father Amon Ra on the Karnak complex.
Their stones were carved from granite quarries in Aswan and transported across the Nile to Luxor until they were erected at the Karnak Temple, and were mentioned in the text of the dedication of the two obelisks to the reverence of Amun Ra, who approved her kingship and gave her life as well as power.
Queen Hatshepsut also built a temple to the God Pakhet in the Beni Hasan Tombs in Minya, and another temple to God Hathor, Lady of Qusia in Asyut. From the texts of these two temples, Queen Hatshepsut tells us that she made many restorations and repairs in many Egyptian temples like these two temples due to the damage they sustained during the Hyksos rule of Egypt. This indicates interest in the fact that the rulers of Egypt continued to be proud of expelling the Hyksos, even after their evacuation from Egypt many decades.
Another monument of Hatshepsut is the construction of other buildings in El-Kom El-Ahmar, The Temple of Kom Ombo, Qualcomm, Tombs of El Kab Or Elethya Armant and Elephantine Island and her tomb, which was dug for her by the architect Hapuseneb in the Valley of the Kings, and after its completion, Hatshepsut ordered the transfer of the coffin of her father, Thutmose I, , at his grave for reburial, which was found next to her coffin.
This indicates Hatshepsut’s desire to sustain her reign with the reverence of her father, unaware of the reign of her half-brother and husband, Thutmose II, and made her father a chapel to worship in his temple in Deir El-Bahari.
However, these Egyptian Tombs were emptied of the Mummy of their owners when Ancient Egyptian Grave Robbers spread at the end of the New Kingdom era and the spread of chaos and Revolutions in Ancient Egypt. The kings of the Twenty-first Egyptian Dynasty, beginning of the reign of king Psusennes I, whose era is known as the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, rescued the mummy of the great pharaohs and their families into The Royal Cache of Deir el-Bahri and the Tomb of King Amenhotep II | KV35, which was built during the era of King Amenhotep II
The mummies of the pharaohs were found under the first, second and third, and the mummy of Hatshepsut was not deduced, although there has been recent research attributing one of the anonymous mummies revealed near the temple of Deir El-Bahari.
What was Hatshepsut famous for?
Her funerary temple, however, is the most important of all Hatshepsut’s monuments of all time, her famous funerary temple in the site of Deir El-Bahari, which is one of the unique and most exquisite inscriptions, designed by the architect Senenmut at the foot of the mountain, so that its front parts are built of limestone.
Its rear part is carved into the rock of the mountain and is built in a unique architectural form, consisting of three consecutive floors on open balconies.
The columns on the second floor were decorated with limestone statues of Queen Hatshepsut in the image of the God Osiris. It is a male body taken by the kings of Egypt in their funerary statues, which indicates the king’s association with Osiris in the other world, and some of these statues remain in good condition so far as a testament to the majesty and beauty of the temple.
In addition to the texts and scenes of the various offerings of the Egyptian idols, important inscriptions have been recorded on the walls of this temple, which are important inscriptions for the transfer of two obelisks to Karnak and the story of the sacred birth of Hatshepsut.
Why is Queen Hatshepsut so important?
It is also considered the most important commercial naval mission in the history of ancient Egyptian civilization. Queen Hatshepsut sent it to the land of Punt, a country southwest of Bab al-Mandab in the southern Red Sea. For the trade and the supply of incense, aromatic Myrrh trees of the country, as well as to bring ebony wood, ivory and rare animals in Egypt.
The high priest Hapuseneb orchestrated the trip, as the trip was made based on the district of Amun, and the head of the Treasury Panehssi was appointed commander of this trip, which took place in the ninth year of Hatshepsut’s reign.
The voyage consisted of five tall ships moving in the waters of the Red Sea from the port of Al-Qussayr, and the scene said:
“Sail in the sea, start the right route to the land of God and travel in peace to Bejius Bridge, master of both lands. According to the order of the Lord of the Gods Amon Ra, the Master of the Thrones of the Earth and the Lord of Karnak, to bring him wonders from all foreign countries because he loves his daughter Maat Kara (Hatshepsut)”, and the voyage sailed until it reached the land of Punt.
The scene of the arrival of the journey was accompanied by a text that said: “The arrival of the Royal Envoy to the land of God and with him the army that follows him, before the great of Punt, preparing all the beautiful things of the palace for the life, prosperity and health of Her Majesty.
The ancient Egyptian artist was able to depict this country by its nature and its people, who appeared as different ethnicities, including Africans, including those mixed with Egyptians, who can be observed in their representations and costumes.
The land of Punt, especially the houses built on pillars, and their animals, such as monkeys, climbed trees, leopards, giraffes, hippos and other African animals and birds, as well as the huts of their inhabitants, which were built in the shade of trees in what looked like a hive.
On the basis of stakes that were shot in the ground, , he sees their ladder from the outside to climb and enter from above, perhaps to avoid the danger of predators. Upon their arrival, the Prince of Pontus and his wife, behind him, appear to greet the leader of the trip. The text says:
“The Egyptian ambassador came to the land of God with those who helped him and met him with the presidents of Punt, and then the presidents of Punt came to offer obedience with fearless heads to receive these soldiers of Pharaoh and pay homage to the Lord of the Gods Amun Ra.”
He then offered gifts to the Prince of Punt to show the friendliness and solidity of the countryside, then the hospitality of the Prince of Punt to the Egyptian mission and the feast of hospitality for them, then the scenes of the return of the trip to Egypt appear and the Egyptian ships carried the products and bounties of the land of Punt Ivory, ebony, aromatic wood, leopard skin, gold, incense, monkeys and women, as well as a few bettors who came with their children to Egypt, the accompanying text said:
“No king ever existed,” and Hatshepsut provided all these things to Amun Ra. Some incense, which was moved to Kaddour, was planted on both sides of the entrance to the monastery’s sea temple and some of their parts remain in place to this day.
All this testifies to the ingenuity and power of the Egyptian artist’s observation of everything that surrounds, sees and experiences him, and how to produce all this in very beautiful artistic images and with astonishing precision.
Why is Hatshepsut so famous?
Another important event we talked about was the effects of Queen Hatshepsut, the sending of a mission to the Valley of the Caves in Sinai “Mount Al-Maghara” and the opening of turquoise mines in Sinai.
Two military campaigns were sent to Nubia, the first at the beginning of her reign, and the second against a rebellion in Nubia in the year 20 and under the command of Thutmose III and a third campaign in Palestine and Syria, also led by Thutmose III, in which he captured Gaza, towards the end of Hatshepsut’s regime.
These military campaigns were the area in which Thutmose III was raised on horseback riding and the army during his joint reign with Hatshepsut, ending up as the greatest warrior in the history of Egyptian civilization when he attained the rule of Egypt independently after Hatshepsut’s death.
The name of Hatshepsut has also been found in many other archaeological areas, indicating that her activity extended to all these areas, such as Buto in delta, El-Kab and Kom Ombo in Aswan, and Bohen in Nubia, and the monuments of Queen Hatshepsut transported to many museums around the world.
In addition to The Egyptian Museum “Museums in Cairo” in Tahrir Square, it is found in many major museums around the world, such as The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Boston Museum, the Louvre Museum, The British Museum, the Vatican Museum and the Leiden Museum.
These include a distinctive collection of statues, paintings, utensils, a pink granite coffin and a pot dedicated to the preservation of her 100-year-old intestine, but a small box preserving her liver at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square Giza It was he who studied it and helped us identify the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut as we will explain later, as well as the proliferation of many beetles bearing the name of Hatshepsut or the title of hers Maat Ka Ra.
Among them were jars bearing the words “The intelligent smell of maa ‘a in the nose of the good gods”, which refers to the contribution of aromatic trees of Punt to the temples of the gods, thus being in the same style as the commemorative scarabes that appeared later, that is, the first to create the commemorative scarabes that records a particular event.
Was Hatshepsut a beauty?
Hatshepsut began to depict herself in feminine features, as shown by two statues of her showing the queen forming a female body in a woman’s dress, showing a hand placed on the thighs without any royal insignia, with the exception of the headdress surmounted by the royal cobra, which are currently in the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
In the inscription on one of them is called “The Lady of the Two Lands” and “Ra’s Daughter of His Body”.
These statues are new artistic innovations, which highlight the role of the queen as the line of the throne. However, Hatshepsut soon abandoned this body in her statues and inscriptions and later appeared in the male body and uniform, all of which she depicts in the form of a reigning king in her form, robe and royal insignia.
As in the statues of Osiris that have the pillars of the temple of Deir El-Bahari, and many other statues, whether depicted in the form of the Sphinx or standing in a devoted position or kneeling to offer offerings, they also represented the same male body in their inscriptions on the walls of her funerary temple and on the walls of the red chapel.
They all point to the sophistication of architecture, sculpture and engraving in the time of Hatshepsut.
The Queen’s assistants in power:
Minister Hapu-Seneb:
who served as judge and chief priest of Amun, was based on the organization and exit of Punt’s journey, and was one of the most powerful figures of Hatshepsut’s viziers, by virtue of being her minister, the head of finance, the chief priest of Amun and the supervisor of the priests of Upper and Lower Egypt thus gathering all the sects of priests under his authority, the owner of cemetery No. 67 in West Thebes.
He was the supervisor of the Treasury and was a major supporter of Hatshepsut, and also had many titles that brought him closer to the Queen, such as the hereditary prince, the holder of the royal seal, the only secret keeper and the revered confidant of the Master of the Two Lands.
The director of works, Amenhotep, and the great director of the house, he also bore the titles of the Hereditary Prince, the holder of the royal seal, the king’s closest secret guard, the revered confidant of the Master of the Two Lands, and the director of all the works of the two great chains of the House of Amun, the owner of cemetery 73 in West Thebes.
He has been a big step, including his titles Supervisor of All Works and Royal Industries, Supervisor of Amun Management, Supervisor of the Yield Stores of the Gods, as well as the Hereditary Prince and the Only Secret Guard, the owner of the 125th Cemetery of West Thebes.
Panehssi
is the commander and security officer of punt’s expedition, and he holds the title of seal supervisor as well as the honorary titles of hereditary prince and sole secret guard.
How did Hatshepsut die – Queen Hatshepsut Death?
As for queen hatshepsut death, we do not yet know and the remains discovered have not yet been revealed, but they were buried in her tomb in the Valley of the Kings, from where it will then be transferred to a cemetery maintained by Cemetery 60 in the Valley of the Kings.
Perhaps it was a prelude to her transfer to the environment of the royal mummies, as happened to other mummies in the Valley of the Kings when the high priests of Amun of the 21st dynasty moved the mummies to the hideout of Deir El-Bahari and the Tomb of Amenhotep II in the Valley of the Kings to preserve them, when the theft of Tombs of the Kings Pharaohs spread at the end of the New Kingdom era.
What are the secrets of Queen Hatshepsut’s mummy?
What was found in Hatshepsut’s tomb?
Here it should be mentioned that the truth of this mummy must be revealed, because when Howard Carter discovered Cemetery 60 in the Valley of the Kings in 1903, two mummies were found a lady inside a coffin with the remains of a hieroglyphic text mentioning “Royal Nursing In”, a short name called The Satra-In Nursing Hatshepsut, thus attributing this mummy and cemetery 60 in the Valley of the Kings to the Hatshepsut retirement home.
Any inscription lying on the ground does not accompany the second mummy of a large woman and has remained unknown to us, but archaeologist Elizabeth Thomas suggested that it was the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut.
In 2007, at the initiative of discovery channel, Dr Zahi Hawass and an Egyptian team conducted a special study on four unidentified mummies of four women From the era of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, the beginning of the rule of King Amenemhat I, known as the era of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, two of which were found approximately Deir El-Bahari and kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
The last two come from the 60th Hatchpsut Nursing Cemetery in the Valley of the Kings, which had already been transferred to the Cairo Museum, and the Mummy of the Fat Lady, which was transferred this year (2007) from the Valley of the Kings to catch up with other mummies for research and study.
A scanner of the four mummies was then made, as well as a small box of wood and ivory kept in the Egyptian Museum. It was found in the site of Deir El-Bahari a box of the bowels of Queen Hatshepsut, which mentioned the name of Hatshepsut on this box, and the CT grams showed a tooth preserved with the bowels of Hatshepsut in the small box.
As was the case with the ancient Egyptian, the mummified kept the entire mummy during the mummification of the mummy, so that the mummifier had retained the molars of Queen Hatshepsut when they fell from her position during the mummification process, and here the researchers returned to study the computed tomography grams of unknown female mummies.
To find the great surprise that the molar position was found in the jaw of the fat woman who came from cemetery 60 in the Valley of the Kings, thus ensuring that it is the mummy of Queen Hatshepsut, Zahi Hawass announced this revelation on June 27, 2007.
Why was Hatshepsut removed from history?
However, it disappeared from the throne under mysterious circumstances that archaeologists have not yet been able to know for sure, but we have found most of its broken traces.
It is as if it was destroyed by an intentional act, so many specialists believe that it was destroyed by order of King Tuthmosis III next to his wife, Queen Merytre-Hatshepsut, as revenge for Hatshepsut, who usurped his throne for nearly 22 years.
To succeed him on the throne of Egypt as the greatest pharaohs of Egypt and the greatest kings of the world, who grew and practiced army and domination under Hatshepsut, which was extended to him by a great state of resources and wealth, strong sovereignty and stable pillars.
Under Queen Hatshepsut, Egypt lived through an era of the finest epoch of Egyptian civilization for 12 years and nine months, as indicated in the story of Manethon, who ruled Egypt. It is full of greatness and glory, and Egypt has enjoyed sophistication, stability and strong international relations, to immortalize its name among the world’s greatest leaders.
Note: Facts and secrets of the history of the Pharaoh kings will be added soon…
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References: The Book of Egyptian Civilization.
