King Ramses II

King Ramses II | Facts Ramesses II King of Ancient Egypt | Secrets Egyptian Pharaohs kings |

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Texts of Ramses II and Kadesh:

Ramses II fought the Second Battle of Kadesh around 1274 BC. under his command in conjunction with the forces of Shobiliolioma, king of the Hittites, and lasted five years. Ten years and his victory were not decided at the end of it, and this battle was formulated in its many pages by the historians who accompanied the king.

Ramses II wrote the first distinguished peace treaty with Khatou Sily II, king of the Hittites. He has been transformed into non-historical narratives like the pharaoh who appeared in the time of Moses, but these novels have been refuted by the discovery of his mummy (he did not drown!!) and thoughts have been directed to his son Merenptah and all these thoughts are worthless in front of the details of the life of these pharaohs who did not mention at all the existence of tribes (hebrews) to that time.

The Old Testament and the Torat simply remain a religious book whose novels rarely believe in the events of history.

The facts about the history of writing ancient Egypt – Texts of the epic of Ramses II (epic battle of Kadesh):

“Iono didn’t I give you so many traces? And fill your temples with slaves and nods? I have built for you the great and eternal house, and I have burned you tens of thousands of sacrifices, and I have let astronomy work according to your command, and I have put in your hands the many treasures, I invite you and support you my father Amun, and I am among many strangers whom I do not know, and foreign countries have joined forces against me.

I have become alone and no one around me, I am without a bodyguard and I have no one, my soldiers have left me many, and have not paid attention to any of my imaginations, I call my chariots and men and no one answers my call, so I invited you my Lord Amun, believing that you are more useful to me than millions of pedestrians and hundreds of thousands of knights, but I call you Amun from these remote places, believing that my prayer will inform you in goodness.

Prayer – King Ramses II Prayer for Amun:

If you pray in the most remote corners of the country

Why did my voice surpass Hermon Mountain?

But Amun hears me and comes when I call him.

He reaches out to me, and he is happy.

He calls me: forward, forward,

I’m with you.

My hand is with you, and I benefit you to more than 100,000 men.

I, the master of victory who loves power.

I found my courage,

My heart rises joyfully.

King Ramses II | Facts Ramesses II King of Ancient Egypt | Secrets Egyptian Pharaohs kings |

Period of his reign: 1279-1213 BC

Duration of reign: 67 years.

Pharaonic dynasty: 19th dynasty

Son of King Ramses II:

Prince Amon Her Khepeshef
Prince Ramses
Khaa Em Wass
Merneptah
Meri Atum
Penet Enat
Merit Amon
Nebet Tawi.

Father: King Sethi I

Mother: Queen Touya

Birth: 1300 B.C.

Date of death: 1213 B.C.

Burial Place: Cemetery No. 7 in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor.

Pharaonic Monuments of King Ramses II:

Construction of a small temple next to the The Temple of Abydos in el-Balyana area, but the temple was covered with sand, and it is being cleaned.
Construction of The Temple of Ramesseum in Thebes.
Completion of the Karnak Temple buildings.
Construction of the temple of the two Temple of Abu Simbel in Aswan.
Construction of the open-air courtyard and the façade of the Luxor Temple and another obelisk currently on the Place de la Concorde in Paris.

The works and achievements of King Ramses II Accomplishments:

Strong military campaigns in Lebanon to control the insurgency in the land of Canaan.
Military campaigns to defend the southern borders from ancient Egypt to Nubia.
King Ramses II built the city of Per Ramses in the Delta region on the ruins of Awares, the “capital of the Hyksos “.
Improve foreign relations with neighbors.
To complete the construction of temples and buildings that began in the time of his father King Sethi I.
Conduct copper exploration campaigns in Sinai and follow the mines in the desert of Egypt.
Military campaigns against the Hittites and strong wars, the most famous of which is the Battle of Kadesh.

Facts about King Ramses II “Ramesses II”:

He became pharaoh in Egypt at the age of 14.
Ramses II ruled Egypt for 67 years.
The king lived for 99 years.
The size of Ramesses II = 170cm.
Most of Ramesses II children died during his reign, and only Prince Mereneptah, the “son of Queen Isset Nefert“, remained crown prince of the reign.
King Ramses II was interested in appointing his children to important positions in the government and royal court.

Who were the wives of King Ramses II?

Nefertari
Isset Nefert
Maat Neferu Ra, daughter of the king of Kheta

Mummy of King Ramses II:

The mummy of King Ramses II was moved to a hidden spot in the hideout of Deir El Bahari in Luxor, discovered by archaeologist Gaston Maspero in 1881 AD.

The king was afflicted by acute rheumatism in the joints and to gum and tooth disease.

His reign is the longest reign in Pharaonic history after the reign of King Pepi II which was the longest.

This period was confirmed by Manethon and proved by Ostracas, and a painting of Ramses IV in which he wishes to reign 67 years as King Ramses II.

There is always something missing in this historical information, we do not know the date of his accession to the throne or the date of his death, and another element of uncertainty is that King Ramses II was only the second son of his father Sethi I, and he became the crown prince, upon the death of his elder brother. His reign is estimated at about three-quarters of the 13th century BC.

What is the family of King Ramses II?

King Ramses II, the third king of a new dynasty, who is the nineteenth dynasty to ascend the throne, who was liberated by the death of Horemheb.

Ramses I, the founder of the dynasty, belongs to a family in the eastern Delta, where it has been customary for generations for men to be called Ramses where Sethi, and they worshipped a god who was not especially loved by all Egyptians, because he is the enemy of Amun and the murderer of Osiris: The God Seth, the chief god of Awaris, the ancient capital of the Hyksos.

Despite all the above that would have kept him away from the throne, Ramses I gained the trust of Horemheb and took names such as those of Behati (or Bahou) and Ramesses II, upon his accession to the throne, the name of this king may have been given in Greek to Menofris.

At the same time, there was a period when Seth won. Here we finally have a confirmed history, Ramses I, who was already old, had a very cost reign of a year or two years at most, but it was an active time in which he embarked on a lot of work.

The Hypostyle Hall was built in Karnak, a temple in El-Gurna and another in Abydos and made his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, and he showed a good edition for the future when he engaged his son Sethi with him from the beginning or at least since the second and last year of his reign.

Names and titles of King Ramses II “Ramesses II”:

The King Ramses II takes in his names, the name of the prophet: Shem Messut, “who renews births”, used by Amenemhat I, the founder of the twelfth dynasty, meant that a family confirmed the future by births replaced a family that always continued to have a decline uncut male.

The name Horus: the powerful bull, the beloved of Maat, and the name of the two dames: the one who protects Egypt, who disciplines foreign countries, and the name Horus of gold: many years of great victories, and the name king of Upper and Lower Egypt: Mighty is the cosmic order of Ra, Chosen of the God Ra.

The birth name (son of Ra): the beloved of Amun, the one who was born for Ra.

Sethi I’s wife Queen Touya gave birth to five children, the second of whom was King Ramses II his successor. his reign was an era of glory.

King Ramses II fought and he was victorious in Nubia and Syria and to reassure the Egyptians that the cult of Seth can be excluded, he built in the city of Osiris, in Abydos, where his father had already left a large temple, one of the most beautiful Pharaonic Temples in Egypt, in which he proved his respect for the most popular gods of Egypt.

King Ramses II also wished to be mentioned among the 76 kings who ruled Egypt, and to be succeeded by his son, the royal prince Ramses, standing next to him, reading the formulas written in the papyrus read before him.

How did King Ramses II come to power?

In another inscription at the temple of Abydos, the young prince participates next to his father in an important ritual: holding the calf “with a rope”, a male in the south for the king, while Sethi hurriedly throws his rope during his race, the royal son walked towards the calf and grabbed his tail, as confirmed by one of the ancient texts of the pyramids:

“Greetings to you, bright stars, when you want to go out, grab the bull by the tail and grab it by the horns.”

Thus, Sethi I confirmed that after his death, his son King Ramses II would succeed him, and then took care of his education. It was an education like what we saw during the reign of King Thutmose III and Amenophis II in terms of focus on military practices, but it included the introduction of religious history, politics, and practices to familiarize himself with everything he had to do.

A mysterious paragraph with the same consecration text in Abydos allows us to know that the king surrounded the young prince with beautiful brides maids such as the beautiful women of the palace, and perhaps chose among the women of the harem his wife.

When the king felt his time, he presented him to the people, and he took him out of his arms, saying, “Crown him king until I see his sorrow alive,” and so they summoned the court men to put crowns by himself. “Put the crown on his head and he said that while he was talking about me, while he was on the ground organizing this country to rule it.

So, King Ramses II spoke crying because of his great love for me in his chest. At the same time as they put crowns and royal insignia on the king, they announced him and asked the postmen of the palace to tell the heads of the provinces and missions of his names that he would receive.

The tomb of King Sethi I:

Sethi I had prepared a tomb, one of the largest, most decorated and beautiful Tombs of the Kings Pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings. A beautiful scene in a room near the entrance, depicting four nationalities in front of Horus, Asians with their well-known beards, colorful necks, Africans, Libyans, and Egyptians.

The tomb contained many precious funerary furniture, but it was also looted by looters who emptied the tomb of treasures, and they hammered the scenes that adorned the walls of the tombs, stealing the wooden coffin, looting the mummy, and stripping all its ornaments. These criminal acts were discovered at the time of the 21st dynasty.

The King Ramses II mummy was placed in another cedar wood coffin, with official records in Hieratic writing on it. That time it has been transported.

The earliest of these times dates back to the reign of Herihor, who was still the chief priest of Amun, and was special for the renewal of burial, and the second time Herihor became king, and in the sixteenth year he moved the first mummy from his grave to Habu’s cemetery, and the third time dated to the time of King Pinedjem when he entered it in the vicinity.

The body was wrapped in a yellow canvas and was in an unusual state of preservation and the head kept its exceptional state of preservation. It remained until this timeless moment in the history of the excavations and discoveries where they discovered the environment of the property, and its contents were transferred by the Department of Egyptian Antiquities.

King Ramses II love for his father:

While the mummies are well treated, the mourning and comfort of the court has been done.

Then comes the day of the funeral, the king at the head of the procession, in a majestic walk across the Nile to reach the place of burial, in front of the cemetery tolerates the deceased, the young king or on the contrary the priest (Sem) touches the ears and eyelids of the eyes of the deceased king and his mouth, in order to activate it again, then put the cover of the coffin in place, the coffin descends into the burial chamber and the deceased faces his new life.

King Ramses II saw that he was not doing much towards his beloved father, he cost the best sculptors in Thebes and Memphis to make two statues of the king, and then mounted the royal ship with his fleet, heading north, his quick goal of entering the Abydos Canal to offer offerings in front of Wen Nefer (Osiris).

He suffered when he saw the architects who oversaw the construction of the deceased king’s building in a deplorable state. The plans since the departure of the owner are abandoned, because there is no son who repairs the monuments of his father did not deal with the temple of Men Maat Ra (Sethi I) which should be done, so that the statues of the king were thrown on the ground, and the erected borders were not in place.

Texts of the letter of King Ramses II:

The King Ramses II summoned his advisors and presented them with his plans, and when he received significant and final approval, he moved on to the implementation phase. King Ramses II chose architects, builders and two debates, and began to form a statue of the first year. Precautions were taken to ensure that all the wealth of the deceased king was well managed, and King Ramses II sent his father a long message, summarizing its contents here:

The peoples of the South, who carry with them the gifts to your temple, and the peoples of the North, who pay tribute to your beautiful face, have given you gifts. Your closet was great, you filled it with money according to your wishes. I gave you a transport boat with its cargo on the sea, and I worked in the trade of their goods and their manufactures of gold, silver and copper.

I have given you boats with their teams and carpenters making sure they do not stop while sailing towards your temple. I have enlarged your temple with all the trades and professions.

This is how you enter the sky and keep Ra when mixed with the stars and moon. The underworld is installed like its inhabitants next to Wen Nefer, happy eternal … As Ra shines in the sky, your eyes prove their beauty, while Atum (the evening sun) goes out to hell (?) accompanied by. And integrate into the Holy Eneade of the parish.

I asked for air for your sacred nose, and I called your name every day… May be you’re driving… You will be as if you live as long as you judge. I checked your temple every day. My heart surrounds you with care and I have taken care of your name, while you are in the underworld, everything will be fine for you, if King Ramses II is equipped with life like Ra that he lives eternally.

He listens to Men Maat Ra, who was in the underworld with precision for this speech and responds as if my father on earth was talking to his son, and King Ramses II heard his speech accurately and transmitted it at the end of the inscription of the text of the consecration of the Temple of Abydos.

May your heart be happy, my beloved son. Ra gives you millions of years, and eternal on the throne of Horus the living, Osiris asks you the duration of heaven and in which it shines like Ra every morning.

Here I said to a shepherd with an affected heart: Give him eternity on earth as my news…. I repeated to Osiris when I entered in front of him: double the duration of his son Horus. And all the gods mingled.

And ends my words:

He comes as a shepherd to human beings, the South, and the North under your feet, calling for the jubilee feasts of Lucera, patron saint of the Shepherd, and the duration of the master of the universe when he rises and when he is gone forever.

The beginning of the reign of King Ramses II:

King Ramses II did not leave the territory of Great Land until the first priest of Wen Nefer (his capital not far from Abydos) appointed Nebos, who decided to raise him above the status of high priest of Amun.

The memory of the problems that erupted between the priests of the most powerful gods and the monarchy was still present in the mind of the king who wanted to take all the guarantees.

King Ramses II was later appointed priest and high official, but Amun only announced his satisfaction with Nebo’s name. The King Ramses II gave him two rings and golden sticks. Then he sent a royal messenger to announce throughout Egypt that the temple of Amun had received money and men.

The choice was successful and there was nothing to disturb during the period of government and the links between the monarchy and the clergy were good.

Construction of the city of Per Ramses in the Delta:

King Ramses II has now fulfilled all his duties to his father, whether in Thebes or Abydos, and nothing invites him to stay in Thebes, so he boarded his boat, disembarking the river to an exile where he stopped a little before sailing in the branch of the Nile leading to Awaris.

There was a short line of property to which the king sheltered if he wanted to recover during the journey for a while, but King Ramses II was preparing for long and usual stays in his northern city, precisely east of the Delta, where the family was the birthplace, thus escaping the vicinity of the priests of Amun, which always established a law for the King Ramses II.

It is also hot in Thebes in summer as well as a common ban in the region, in the delta there is nothing between the king and the tasting of sweet wines such as honey. Remember to find the sacred company in the next capital, this sacred composition consists of Amun, Seth, Ptah and Hor Akhti and everyone is equal, and this gathering will silence their rivals, where there are the idols of neighboring countries Anta and Horon who will be in the city.

He was happy that for him this royal residence was a symbol of glory, but there was no other reason than that to control his choice. Threatened by the end of the 18th dynasty, the First City seized Kadesh and erected a painting on the banks of the Orontes, the upper part of which was found.

King Ramses II received reports from his messengers warning him that there is only one king threatening his sovereignty, so King Ramses II decided to build a headquarters to rule away from the border, where he could be safe, collecting and training his archers and knights.

The reasons chosen by the Hyksos to choose their capital remain the same as those that governed the choice of the seat of government at the time of King Ramses II, the best of which was to facilitate communication and access to the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the countries of the South.

To the east of the ancient city of Awaris begins the land of Goshem, which is allotted by the kings of the Hyksos, who inhabited Awaris for the people of Israel when they were allowed to reside in Egypt.

The kings of the 18th dynasty did not take care after their return to this city, with Bedouins who for years maintained their flocks between the crystalline branch of the Nile and the Valley of Tamilat, and did not bother anyone, but everything changed when Pharaoh came accompanied by a team of priests, clerks, brokers, and soldiers to defend the country. They should have created a new city in the middle of the desert and ruins.

Architects, builders, and people who convince stone are in their stores, but small works such as brick painting and stone dragging required labor that may not be available, so we feel the children of Israel and their existence.

They soon made a census of them, and their books bound them and everyone under the supervision of the Egyptian clerks, and subjected them to hard work both in King Ramses II, the seat of government or in Pi-Toum, the eastern city of Habron, and the Hebrews endured the pain of patience, and because they knew that King Ramses II had a heavy hand, they did not protest as long as he was alive.

I wrote the letters of the time in poetic language praising the seat of government:

“As soon as he arrived in Per King Ramses II, he wrote to the scribe Pabasa, he found it in very good condition, a good headquarters like Thebes, he was the shepherd who founded it, and he made it a beautiful place.”

“All joy in the headquarters there, there is no wish of a young person of confidence like the grown-ups, let’s go there to celebrate the feast of the sky, the beginning of the season.”

“How happy the day of your life is, how soft your voice is when you commission the construction of the beloved Per Ramses Amun, the temple of all the foreign countries of Egypt, beautiful are the balconies of lapis lazuli and turquoise, a place where you learn the principles of horseback riding, the gathering place of pedestrians and the land of comfort of archers in their boats who attend the tribute.”

The beauty of nature, facilitating everything, including the meeting with the king and the superior staff, was certainly not the case in Thebes, permanent holidays all these characteristics felt by the subjects who wanted to live near the sun.

It is difficult to reconcile textual data, and what was found during archaeological excavations, to get closer to the reality that the northern capital was when it was found, destroyed several times, and then destroyed again, leaving only a few stones, paintings, and statues in its ancient places.

Sandstone statues, black granite and pink granite inscriptions on black basalt tiles give a very impressive view, we can say that there are as many temples as we know their idols, as they may have been about a dozen temples.

The royal palace, painted with gold and lapis lazuli and all the stones known to the ancients, has undoubtedly increased from now on the number of members of the royal family, adding other palaces to the first palace.

This is followed by artists, executive residencies, and stables. Everyone surpassed the Ramesseum and the city of Habou and was surpassed only by Karnak, due to the additions made over the centuries, foreign princes were impressed by the wealth of King Ramses II.

We must now return to the beginning of the alliance, to support the important work of fighting the Hittites.

Battle of Kadesh:

The war between King Ramses II and the King of the Hittites lasted 15 years without victory, and the king established the oldest peace treaty in human history with King Khatosilis III in 1258 BC.

At the beginning of May of the fifth year, King Ramses II, followed by his guards, marched in front of the citadel of Tharo, near Qantara, an obligatory crossing point for each of his armies to leave Egypt for Syria or return to Egypt.

Then we found His Majesty in Jahi, preceded by three of his armies for each holy shepherd: one led by Amun, the other led by Ra and the third led by Ptah, and everyone took their place on the Phoenician coast.

Impressed by the beauty of the view, the purity and cleanliness of the water, the soldiers engraved three paintings, two of which are still at the mouth of a river later called by the Romans Lekos to the north, where King Ramses II soon meets the king of Byblos Iharam, leaving traces in the narrow city indicating his passage.

He intended to continue to advance northwards along the coast to Samira and could head east using the other direction of the road where King Thutmose III had walked for nearly a century.

He continued the road north to the city of King Ramses II in the valley of the pines, which is probably the valley of Eluter, where he arrived from the province of Kadesh in complete calm, and behold two Bedouins (Shasso) falsely reassured him and misled him that the loser the leader of Khati, who is afraid to confront Pharaoh hidden in the province of Aleppo north of Tunip. The rest of the army went up to Lebanon, and King Ramses II noticed that the soldiers were doing better on the track like the usual road in Egypt.

At the time the battle raged, the situation was as follows:

King Ramses II has his guards and the army of Amun stationed northwest of Kadesh, while the Ra army continues to cross Shabtom (about 10 km and 500 meters) from His Majesty’s position, and ptah’s army south to Ernam, and Seth’s army, trying to catch up with everyone.

From the inscription of the texts gave the pharaoh’s camp a perfectly comfortable image, a large square protected by a fence of shields, or in a more precise expression than elements taken in the form of shields, and the king sat on his throne in front of his tent, the arm tied with his legs in the shape of an ark and can be stretched asleep and the donkeys walk in the earth kicking and rushing.

Three simultaneous things happened that will alert King Ramses II to the reality he should see, as some of Hittites penetrated part of the fence and began looting, the Hittite army attacked his army as it crossed the Orontes and suffered some casualties, and the Egyptian soldiers captured a two-man patrol belonging to the “loser’s enemy at Khati” and took them before the king. The stick was a foolish means, making both men talk.

“We,” they admit, “belong to the King of Khati, who sent us to spy on His Majesty’s whereabouts.”

“But where is Khati’s loser?”.

“I heard them say: it’s in Aleppo, north of Khati.”

“Here he is, Khati’s despicable enemy, who comes with various nationalities, they are more than the number of grains of sand, ready to fight around the old Kadesh.”

“The king was furious, and the officers could do nothing for him, and the minister hastened to gather late, in this difficult situation, His Majesty stood up like Monthu and took his equipment and shield when the knight saw from us his master surrounded by a number of enemies, threatening him his heart began to shudder and filled with fear,

He said to His Majesty: “My good master, my good master, my brave king, the great protector of Egypt, we are as we found ourselves among our enemies, and the soldiers and equipment are gone, how will you save them? Make us a plan, save us and shine secretly. »

At this moment, or a little later, the king made his moving call: “What is it, Father Amun? Does the Father no longer know His son? ».

King Ramses II remembered all the evidence of his strength and the king’s call reached the south of Yuno (Thebes on the left bank), and King Ramses II soon realized that Amun would provide him with hundreds of thousands of soldiers and millions of pieces of equipment.

King Hittite deployed 2,500 war vehicles in a long line, with the aim of bypassing King Ramses II and his defenders, but the Royal Guard took up position in preparation for the fighting and deployed to face the recital vehicles and used the Sardinian weapon to resist the attack of the enemy’s war chariots, protected by round head coverings against sword blows, shields allowing the removal or blocking of incoming horses and their frightening swords.

In the midst of his guards, the king showed perfect calm:

“He throws arrows in his right hand, and he keeps it to the north, and the 2,500 enemy war chariots will turn their horses and they will not find their hands to help them, and they will not be able to hold or use the sword, and the king of Khati, who is involved among his soldiers in the fight against His Majesty, will turn their backs to him in horror, and the Allies will be defeated as they retreat before the Pharaoh’s courage as he shouts: Save what you can, and his majesty accelerates behind him like a mighty fairy bird. »

As always, the king attributes this kind of attitude to the strength of his arm.

The battle ended with victory, and the soldiers of Amun’s army, Ra and Ptah arrived and were greeted by the king with irony: “None of you, none of you were here. No man stood up to help me fight. None of you came to tell what happened in Egypt. The foreigners who saw me, the Sardinians, will speak of my name, even the most distant ones we do not know. I will do no better for any of you, because you left me when I was alone in the face of my enemies with my brave Knight of Us and his great horse.

The next morning, the enemy sent a messenger to his Majesty, carrying a message that was nothing more than a request for a cessation of hostilities, in a form filled with humility and a sense of inferiority:

“You are Sotekh, Baal himself, the fear of your Majesty is as if it were a fire raging in my country… The servant is here and knows that you are the son of Ra himself. He has given you all His lands grouped into one land. A land that has come and a land that is at your service. Is it good to slaughter servants? Look at what you did yesterday. You have plundered millions, left no inheritance, do not waste your bounties, you are capable and glorified king of battle, give us the same (life)…

His Majesty hastened to summon the commanders of his army, their equipment, and their nobles to make them hear what the losing king of Khati was asking for, and without hesitation they said with one voice: “This is a good thing, a very good peace, our lord.”

It was the cry of the heart, and they shouted:

“There is nothing wrong with peace, you do, who asks you for peace on the day of your wrath? ».

Listen to the advice of the sages, the enemy’s war chariots crashed in front of the guard, but the Egyptian army did not care much about attacking the torn army of Hittites in Kadesh, he went in peace to the south without trying to take control of the fortress that everyone saw, and its towers appear from behind the branch of the Orontes. The gods protected his steps. The king arrived in peace in Egypt, at Boudsis, the greatest of victories and rested in the Palace of Life and Health like Ra in his horizon, and the gods come to greet him saying:

“He came, our beloved son, the king, and the secret of the Shepherd of Stibn, the son of Ra Ramessou, came and gave him millions of years of Sed on the throne of Ra, all lands and foreign lands were placed under his sandals for eternity.”

He faithfully carried out his work as king. He tempered his strong love for himself with charity that benefited his soldiers, artists, and family members, and perhaps we can even say the sum of his subjects as well.

Battle of the People of the Sea :

A group of pirates known as sherdana was stealing goods and killing Egyptian sailors on the Mediterranean coast.

The King Ramses II deployed the Egyptian naval fleet and eventually won his battle and arrested all the thieves.

Author & Writer: Tamer Ahmed Abd elfatah Yousif

References: The Book of Egyptian Civilization.