Egyptologists – A comprehensive table of all the pioneers of Ancient Egypt, Egyptologists, historians, and Egyptian and foreign researchers in the Ancient Egypt History. What are the sources of studying Egyptian civilization? What are the means of research in archeology and ancient Egyptian civilization?.
It is one of the branches of archeology and civilization, which specializes in studying the history and civilization of Egypt in all its history, from the Predynastic Period and prehistoric eras to the present day, and in all its political, social, linguistic, cultural, religious, literary aspects…etc..
Egyptologists Facts
This modern science arose with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and the decoding of hieroglyphics in the Ancient Egyptian Language in 1821 AD by Jean-François Champollion. After him, many scientists from all of Europe and the West came and, little by little, enormous fossil material emerged that re-detailed and laid out the great cultural history of ancient Egypt over the course of thousands. years.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Egyptology began to take a precise academic form and became a professional specialty through the work of William Philander Petrie, who developed a new technique for preservation, classification, tabulation, and study. Then came the efforts of other scientists and modern technology and techniques entered this science..
This science arose focusing on the ancient Egyptian civilization, and Egyptology may have included the last edges of ancient Egypt in the classical era (Greek-Roman era, the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Hellenistic eras, and the era of the Roman Kingdom), the era of Byzantine Egypt, and the Coptic period.
Then it expanded to include the Islamic Egypt History within the framework of this science, as some writers say. And the researchers (see Dominic) who went further than that and added to it everything that remained of Egypt’s modern and contemporary history, and the matter is still subject to debate..
Fields of Egyptology:
The fields of Egyptology include the following:
- Prehistoric times in Egypt
- Ancient times until the entry of Islam into Egypt, then it included the entire history of Egypt
- The archeology of the two paragraphs above
- Anthropology and ethnography
- Physical and human geography
- Language, writing and ancient Egyptian texts
- All aspects of Egyptian civilization
There are those who believe that the beginning of Egyptology goes back to Baron Dominique Vivien Denon, who accompanied the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt when he published his book (Travels in Upper and Lower Egypt) in 1801, which was reprinted forty times and translated into English and German..
His beautiful drawings, drawn by Dunon, had a great impact in attracting attention to the magic of Egyptian civilization. Napoleon Bonaparte had read the book, so he sent two scientific missions to survey and draw Egyptian antiquities, and to follow up on Dunon’s research..
The second decisive and important book that came as a result of what the two scientific missions obtained was the book (Description of Egypt), which was published between 1809 and 1822, which included 907 paintings and more than 3,000 illustrations that were prepared by 200 artists. The book was a miracle of beauty and information.
It identified and explained Pharaonic Egyptian Monuments. And the outstanding Islamic Egyptian Antiquities, and dealt anthropologically with the lives of people, their customs and traditions, the land of Egypt, its agriculture and plants, and its public life..
This book opened the appetite for thieves of Pharaonic tombs “Ancient Egyptian Grave Robbers“, antiquities, adventurers, and those looking for money and fame to go to Egypt and plunder its antiquities.
Indeed, the French consul in Egypt was the first of these when he transferred to the Turin Museum a huge amount of priceless Egyptian Antiquities, including huge statues of the great Pharaohs for discovery Sculpture in Ancient Egypt and the extent of development of Architecture in ancient Egypt. The thieves then filled the Louvre, Paris, and the British Museum with Egyptian antiquities.
The British Consul (Henry Salt) did the same and sent it to The British Museum and sent others to the Cambridge Museum. As for the Italian Giovanni Belzoni, he surpassed everyone else and dismantled many Egyptian Temples and transferred them, in addition to ancient Egyptian statues, Ancient Egyptian Papyrus, pharaohs’ Obelisks, and sarcophagi..
This is how Egyptology began among Western European thieves and scholars, to the point that there are those who believe that the antiquities of Egypt outside Egypt are now more than its antiquities inside Egypt..
Carl Richard Lepsius
He is a German scientist and the most famous Egyptologist. He learned to read hieroglyphs and studied the antiquities of Egypt in England, Italy, and the Netherlands. Then he went to Egypt, and the outcome of his research there was the publication of a large encyclopedia, “Discoveries in Abyssinian Egypt,” in (21) volumes, published between (1849-1856) and containing 894 plates. By large measure, this book, the book (Description of Egypt) by the French archaeological mission, and the book (Monument in Egypt and Nubia) by Champollion are considered among the most important classical references for Egyptologists..
Egyptologists John Gardner Wilkinson
He is the founder of the science of Egyptologists in Britain, and he was the first to write about Social Structure in Ancient Egypt and the daily life of the ancient Egyptians in his book (The Ways and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians), published in 1837..
He was interested in studying ancient Egyptian history. He came to the era in 1821 when he was a young man of 24 years old, and remained in the country for 12 continuous years. Zaw Wilkinson surveyed almost all known ancient Egyptian sites. He skillfully recorded engravings and paintings as a talented painter and collected copious notes.
Wilkinson finally returned to England for his health in 1833, and was successfully elected to the Royal Society in 1834, where he published his research in a large number of publications. His most important book, “Customs and Traditions of the Ancient Egyptians,” was published in its first edition (three parts) in the year 1837, and then its distinguished second edition was published, the illustrations of which were completed by Joseph Bonomi. The book created a great resonance in scientific and official circles, and this was the reason for Wilkinson earning the title “Sir.” The year 1839, and a high scientific position as the first distinguished British Egyptologist.
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson returned to Egypt in 1842; He published a revised and expanded edition of his book Topography, entitled Muslim Egypt and Thebes.
Auguste Howet (1821-1881).)
He is the second founder of the science of Egyptology in the strict scientific sense; He founded the Egyptian Department of Antiquities in 1858, and the Egyptian Museum in 1859 in Boulaq, then in Giza, then in Cairo, thus establishing the national base for Egyptologists in Egypt itself, which has this great legacy..
He was a great archaeologist, and among his most important excavations were the excavations of Memphis, the Apis calves or the burial ground of calves (the Serapeum), the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir El Bahari in Luxor, the city of Thebes, in addition to some antiquities in the Karnak Temple and the Temple of Medinet Habu belonging to King Ramses III of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty in The New Kingdom of Egypt in the era of The Ramesside Period in Luxor.
As well as the discovery of the statue of King Khafre, the most famous Egyptian Pharaohs kings from the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, Old Kingdom of Egypt, the owner of Pyramid of Khafre among The Pyramids of Giza, The Sphinx of Giza, the statue of the scribe sitting in Saqqara, and the statue of the Sheikh of the Country in Saqqara.
When Mariette (Pasha) died, he was buried in a sarcophagus at the entrance to The Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square, “Museums in Cairo.” He wrote an important book, “The History of the Ancient Egyptians.”).
Egyptologist Gaston Maspero (1846 – 1916).)
Maspero succeeded Augusta Mariette and became director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service and curator of the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities in Bulaq. He completed the Saqqara excavations that Mariette was carrying out. He was interested in Egyptian texts, so he collected 4,000 lines. He established the French Institute of Antiquities in Cairo and became its director. He uncovered the Karnak treasures, which contain hundreds of statues. He removed the dirt from the Sphinx, but his name was largely associated with Deir el-Bahari in Luxor.
Maspero was an enemy of the Egyptian antiquities thieves, so he fought them and returned the looted antiquities and mummies to Egypt.
He enacted the Egyptian Antiquities Law, which allowed only authorized scientific missions, and discovered the enormous Mummy of the Deir el-Bahari pharaohs. This scholar was one of the most loyal scholars to Egypt, its civilization, and its heritage.
Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853 – 1942).):
George Reisner
The most important American archaeological excavators excavated the pyramids of Giza and discovered Tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, Queen Hetepheres I the most famous Pharaonic queen of Egypt “Female Pharaohs“, mother of Khufu, near the Great Pyramid.
He was also interested in the antiquities of Nubia and worked with other scientists in discovering the tombs of the Naqada III civilization, the Egyptian Dynasty 00 and the Egyptian Dynasty 0, and editing the Hearst Medical Papyrus. He worked as a professor of Egyptologists at Harvard University..
With his discovery of the royal cemetery, Eisner mentions the kings of the Pharaohs of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in Al-Kurru, in addition to his discovery of the architectural development of the era of the Black Pharaohs and the funerary customs of the tombs of the ancestors and kings of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty..
Egyptologist Howard Carter (1874-1939)
A British archaeologist, he devoted himself to studying ancient Egyptian history closely. Howard Carter worked in many archaeological sites in areas including: Tell el-Amarna, Deir el-Bahari, the Temple of Edfu, and the Temple of Abu Simbel in Aswan.
His efforts were distinguished in discovering some antiquities related to Queen Hatshepsut, the most famous queen of Egypt in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, in Deir el-Bahri in 1899..
He became world famous after the discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun | KV62 within the tombs of the Valley of the Kings (known colloquially as “King Tutankhamun” and “The Boy King”), in November 1922..
Carter authored a number of books on Egyptologists during his career. During those years, he also received an honorary degree of Doctor of Sciences from Yale University and an honorary membership in the Real Academy of History in Madrid..
Egyptologist Edward Naville (1844-1926):
A Swiss scientist, born in Geneva, he studied at the University of Geneva, King’s College London, and the universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin. He was a student of Carl Richard Lepsius and his later executor. He visited Egypt in 1865 to begin his journey in discovering the ancient Egyptian language and excavating antiquities.
He worked in archaeological areas, the most important of which is Tell-Basta near Sharkia Governorate, the most famous Egypt Archaeological Sites in the Delta.
He excavated the funerary Mortuary Temples of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahri, the most famous of the funerary temples, where he was assisted by David George Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and Howard Carter.
In 1903, he returned to Deir el-Bahri to explore the Soldier Temple in the funerary temple of Mentuhotep II in Deir el-Bahari, which was built during the reign of King Mentuhotep II in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt period of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt, with the help of Henry Hall. In 1910, he was working on the royal cemetery in The Temple of Abydos in Sohag, and his last work was in the excavation of the Osirion in Abydos, which was left incomplete at the beginning of World War I..
He worked on discovering and translating the solar texts (the texts of the God Ra, the sun god regarding resurrection and immortality, the most famous ancient Egyptian deities – Ancient Egyptian gods and Goddesses in the Ancient Egyptian religion) and The Book of the Dead (the book of the other world as in the myths of the Pharaohs “Egyptian Mythology” and the stories of Ancient Egyptian Literature)..
He received numerous international awards and honors, and was the author of countless publications, both on his excavations and textual studies..
Naville was an old-school archaeologist concerned with the large-scale clearing of sites and little regard for the detailed evidence that could be found during excavation. In his lifetime, he was criticized by W. M. Flindows Petrie for his antiquarian methods, and D. C. Hogarth was appointed by the Egypt Drilling Fund to monitor and report on the nature of his work at Deir el-Bahari.
His published reports are evidence of a lack of detail, but this is also typical of much archaeological practice of the time.
Alfred Lucas (1867-1945).): Egyptologists
An English archaeologist and the most famous Egyptologist, he laid the first building block for the study of chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian metals and archaeological stones “Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy“.
He began his scientific career by analyzing foods and medicines in the government laboratory in London to discover the extent of the development of Medicine in ancient Egypt and Ancient Egyptian science. He joined the Egyptian government service.
The fruits of these diverse experiments produced the materials for “Forensic Chemistry,” the title of his book.
He had great merit in analyzing many of the samples that he was able to uncover in some excavations, in addition to documenting methods for preserving antiquities and protecting them from damage as a result of various environmental and chemical factors.
Among his most famous books in the field of restoration is the book: Materials and Industry in ancient Egypt.
Rudolf Kaser (2013-1927).) Egyptologists
Swiss nationality, Egyptologist and manuscript scholar. Egyptian and one of the most prominent scholars of the Coptic language. The fourth script of ancient Egyptian scripts, and the fifth stage of the stages of the ancient Egyptian language. He was distinguished by the production of abundant references and studies in the Coptic dialects..
The period from 1964 – 2005 was considered the most rich period of his life in the field of writing and research in Coptic sciences, as he published many important Greek and Coptic manuscripts, including 18 issues that were published between 2001 and 2008 in the English language, some of which were preserved in the Bodleian Library (the main research library at the University of Oxford, the second largest library in Britain after the British Library); Most of them are from the Bible.
Egyptologist Stephen Quirk
A British scientist and the most famous Egyptologist, he is one of the most prominent researchers specializing in the study of the ancient Egyptian language. He is the current professor of archeology and Egyptian archeology at University College London. He worked at the British Museum (1989 – 1998) and since 1999 at the Petrie Museum in London. He published many books, some of which were translated into other languages.
Among his most important works are Hieroglyphs and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt From the Pyramids to Queen Cleopatra VII, Who Are the Pharaohs: A Guide to Their Names, Rules and Dynasties, Hidden Hands: The Egyptian Workforce in the Excavation Archives ..and others.
He contributed to the excavation and excavation operations in Al-Lahoun in Fayoum Governorate, and documented the general life of the residents of that region in the areas of the nature of education, the lives of women and children, medicine, and others..
Egyptologists among the Egyptians
Other scholars bear witness to the references of this book of ours and other books specialized in the history, civilization, and antiquities of Egypt, whether from Egypt, Arabs in general, or foreigners..
Antiquities: Archeology is the basic foundation of Egyptologists, as it is the authentic material about that history and that civilization, and Egyptian antiquities are of two types: fixed, such as pyramids, temples, obelisks, tombs, and others, and movable, such as small statues, amulets, papyri, and others.
These monuments were edited and written by leading Egyptologists.
The first writings and symbols of the first Egyptian kings began in the form of cards or small boards of ivory and wood, then they were transformed into stone, and in them we find the history of the first families. They appeared on papyrus papers and on the walls of temples and tombs. Most of them immortalized the names of the kings, their stories, and their news, including the Narmer tablet that speaks About the unification of Egypt, the Palermo Stone, the Jeddawi glossary in Abydos, the famous papyri that became named after their owners and discoverers, and the copied student transcripts that carried their exercises and studies, and which reproduced originals that have disappeared from us..
There is no doubt that the texts of the pyramids, coffins, and the dead constituted a rich source of history, mythology, and science, in addition to the Amarna tablets and many others..
Greek and Roman books: These are the books of Greek historians and others about ancient Egypt, and they must be scrutinized and scrutinized due to some errors contained in them through oral narrations. Among them are Herodotus, Hepkate of Malti, Blue Tarch, and others.
The Writings of Manetho: He was the Hellenistic Egyptian priest who lived between the reign of King Ptolemy I and II. He had a good knowledge of the hieroglyphic script and the Ionian language. His book (The History of Egypt), which Ptolemy I commissioned him to write, is considered one of the most important sources, and only fragments of it remained after the fire of the Library of Alexandria in the year 47 AD. BC. He is the one who divided the history of Hisar into 31 dynasties, and collected his information from the libraries of the temples, the inscriptions on their walls, and from folk tales about the biographies of its kings..
Research methods in Egyptologists
Research centres: These are the many scientific centers spread around the world that specialize in Egyptologists and are funded by governmental or private bodies and include specialists, professionals, amateurs, students and researchers. Today, teamwork has become dominant, while individualism previously prevailed, and direct or indirect communication between scientists has become (By reviewing research and its results) is the correct way. These research centers are supported by specialized libraries in specific specializations.
Documents and their archives: These are the documents of archaeological missions, the results of excavations, and their detailed data and reports, which are archived in accurate and permanent protective and electronic records, to which everything new is added..
Detailed bibliography of all documents, research and data.
Real detailed scientific encyclopedias in all languages.
Dictionaries and dictionaries specialized in Egyptologists.
Scientific publishing in specialized volumes and periodicals.
Scientific conferences that began in an organized and comprehensive manner since 1976; The first international conference of Egyptologists was held in Cairo, and before that it was held in the presence of orientalists only. At this conference, the International Union of Egyptologists was founded, which issues an annual guide for its members and an annual bibliography. It was then held in Grenoble, Toronto, Munich, and Cairo. This conference is considered one of the most important scientific conferences, with the number of research papers per session reaching approximately 500 papers with the participation of thousands of specialized and professional members..
Dissemination of knowledge and specialized and university studies in particular.
Scientific institutions supporting Egyptologists:
- Universities and specialized postgraduate studies.
- Independent Research Authority.
- International museums.
- Funding and supporting bodies
- Promotion, antiquities and tourism companies.
Sources of Egyptologists: Khazal Al-Majidi’s book Egyptian Civilization
Note: Facts and secrets of the history Egyptologists will be added soon…
Hurghada Excursions Lovers, Best Travel Agency in Hurghada to provide daily tours to visit the Tourist attractions of Luxor by Hurghada to Luxor Tours and Hurghada to Pyramids Trips. Book online when you come to Hurghada, El Gouna, Sahl Hashish, Makadi Bay, Soma Bay.
Egyptology is a comprehensive program for all pioneers of Pharaonic civilization
