Ancient Egyptian science

Ancient Egyptian science | Chemistry among the ancient Egyptians in the ancient Pharaonic civilization of Egypt, mathematics, Technology, calculations, and metrology among the Pharaohs, biology, and what was taught in chemistry in the past, and what were the measurement systems in ancient Egypt civilization? The history of the development of animal and plant sciences and more about Ancient Egypt History.

Ancient Egyptian science

Chemistry in Ancient Egypt

Facts How was science used in Pharaonic Civilization, History Pharaohs chemists were making cosmetics and more…

History of the development of biochemistry sciences used by the ancient Egyptians, the Pharaohs, the most important achievements and discoveries of medical and chemical sciences, and more.

Does Egypt mean land of the blacks?

The word chemistry has been associated with the name of Egypt, as this word came from (kemet) or (kem) or (kemt) and (chemia), which is one of the names of ancient Egypt, which means black earth, which is the soil of the Nile Valley saturated with minerals that give it this dark color.

It is known that the word Kemet and the word Kabat (the earth, the wall of Ptah) are the origin of the word Copt, which became the root of the name of Egypt in foreign languages ​​(Egypt). As for the name (Alchemy), it is the Arabic name for chemistry, which has been associated with the magical climate as in Magic in ancient Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians called alchemy (the secret of the High Priest of Amun) and (the industry of Thoth), and God Thoth is the god of knowledge “The Egyptian Gods“, writing and secrets (Thothi, Tut, Thoth). He is said to be the author of books and Papyrus on divine sciences as in Ancient Egyptian religion. As for (the secret of the priests), it was intended for the secrets of converting cheap metals into gold and silver, and preparing the elixir of life.

We see that Sumer had known chemistry and its secrets before the flood at the hands of (Inmidr I), who was one of the pre-flood kings, who forms the basis for what was known, later on.

With (Hermes), and we see that this character of Hermes carried with it chemistry to all the ancient world known at the time, including Egypt, and there will be a very close relationship between the Sumerian god (Tut) and the Egyptian god (Thoth) and these two are in the pyramid and in Hermes.

Ancient Egyptian science. Hermes will move to the country of Greece and be called there by his name and under Covering the planet (Mercury), which has a hidden name (Atar fat), and from Hermes, Hermes, the triangle of greatness, around which many Egyptian Mythology revolve, will emerge.

These and other ideas will reproduce in the environment of the ancient Mediterranean East and flourish more in its medieval history (Jewish, Christian “Coptic period” and Islamic).

We cannot separate worldly scientific chemistry from religious magical alchemy, not only in ancient Egypt, but in all ancient civilizations; All sciences were divided into religious sciences and worldly sciences without a sharp separation between them, and they merged completely in medieval history with the rule of totalitarian religious civilizations.

What did ancient Egyptians use chemistry for?

Ancient Egyptian science. It is a kind of esoteric science, which is called (the secret of the priests) and (the industry of Thoth), and its aim is to transform everything into something else that is opposite to it, such as converting minerals into gold or converting death into immortality, transforming the soul into spirit and transforming society from vice into Virtue and the process of transformation went through three or four colors (black is the symbol of decomposition, white is the symbol of purification, yellow is the symbol of spirituality, and red is the symbol of immortality and elevation).

The basis of chemistry, in Egypt, was a mysterious book attributed to the god Thoth, whose name is (the Emerald Tablets) and its sub-name (as above as below), and this book sought conversion in everything to reach the most important form of conversion, which is the conversion of human consciousness from material consciousness to cosmic consciousness spiritual.

Therefore, it can be said that alchemy is a comprehensive science beyond its scientific synonym (chemistry), as it seeks major and comprehensive transformations in all human lives.

This is confirmed by us if we know from the texts of the Temple of Edfu in Aswan  that Thoth is responsible for all the edifices of civilization, including Egyptian Temples and sacred The Pyramids of Giza, which linked the natural worlds and beyond through Astronomy in ancient Egypt and astrology, making the earth an image of the sky or urging the earth to be an image of the sky, which is what came in ( Hermes) that (Egypt is an image from the sky).

The pyramid was the most comprehensive symbol of alchemy and the symbol of Thoth and Hermes, as it includes the idea of ​​​​linking the sky to the earth because it is more like the cosmic station and an image of the map of the sky on earth.

Ancient Egyptian science. Alchemy connected the gods with the planets and monitored the influence of the planets (gods) on us; Every major god has a planet or star, where Isis is the star of Sirius (Sirius) and God Osiris is the group of Orion and West is the star of Lebus and so on. Alchemy was associated with magic, divination and astrology on the one hand, but it was the nucleus of real science on the other hand.

Why was science important in ancient Egypt?

Egyptology Dr Waseem ElSeesy mentioned at the Tenth National Conference on Biochemistry and Molecular Biology within his research tagged (Biochemistry in Ancient Egypt), that there are a number of important achievements for Egypt in this field, briefly:

1. Knowing a woman’s pregnancy by placing the urine of a woman suspected of being pregnant on the ears of wheat and barley and obtaining certain variables in it. This method was used in Europe until the eighteenth century, and contemporary Egyptian scholars repeated this experiment and proved its validity.
2. Knowing the cause of sterility in women with volatile garlic oils, when some cloves of garlic were placed vaginally, then after 8 hours the doctor smelled the woman’s breath. If the fallopian tubes were healthy, the smell of garlic appeared, and if they were blocked, the smell of garlic did not appear.
3. The ancient Egyptian doctors used to sew wounds for the first six hours, and after that they used to put white honey or the pulp of moldy barley bread (to kill bacteria). Perhaps this mold is the mold of the penicillin fungus that Alexander Fleming discovered in 1928.
4. The use of lettuce for sexual activity, and lettuce was accompanied by the god of fertility (God Min), and there is no doubt that the Arabic word (semen) came from this source, and it is known that lettuce contains vitamin E, which acts on sexual stimulation to know more about Ancient Egyptian science..
5. Using ox liver to treat night blindness and anemia, and explaining this because ox liver contains vitamin B12 and vitamin A.
6. The eye powders of Female Pharaohs, such as Queen Nefertari, wife of King Ramses II, during the period of Egyptian Pharaohs kings of the Pharaohs, the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, in the era of The New Kingdom in ancient Egypt, contained a lead compound that was made to help treat or prevent some eye diseases.
7. The chemistry The Mummification of the Pharaohs indicated a deep knowledge of biochemistry, as “they soak the body in a bath of natron (sodium salt, ammonium, silicon and oxygen) for 70 days.
8. This process kills bacteria in the future to find a suitable site for them. They would then wrap the body with tapes of cloth coated with glue and bury the body in an airtight tomb, insulated from the putrid moisture and air. So it represents the a more obscure process than the process of salting meat.

Ancient Egyptian mathematics | Ancient Egyptian science.

Mathematics in Ancient Egypt and the history of the development of the knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in the natural sciences.

How the calculations of the Pharaohs were made, facts about the method of measuring science in the Pharaonic civilization to measure time, height, and weight in ancient Egyptian civilization.

The Egyptians did not know zero, so the numbers accompanying  zero have their own symbols such as ten, hundred and thousand, and therefore the Egyptians used the decimal system in numbers, which includes the following symbols:

In the first horizontal field is the counting system from one to ten, and in the second horizontal field,  the method of writing in hieroglyphics and the third explains this writing and the fourth is pronounced by the Pharaonic Civilization letters in Latin letters and the fifth is pronounced by the ancient Egyptian letters in Arabic letters, which are Hieroglyphics “The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language” and the sixth pronounced in Coptic script.

Ancient Egyptian science.

• 1: Vertical line for number one (wa)
• 10: Horseshoe for the number ten (D)
• 100: Pull a rope for the number one hundred (six)
• 1000: Drawing of a lotus for the number A (Kha)
• 10.000: finger drawing for the number ten thousand (djebaaa)
• 100,000: Drawing of a frog or toad    per hundred thousand (Hiff)
• 1000,000: Drawing of a god raising his arms for the number one million (heh)

Ancient Egyptian science. Numbers were written from left to right, as in our current writing of numbers, as in the following example:

The highest number:

Three lotuses, meaning three thousand, and next to them are two coiled ropes, meaning two hundred, and four horseshoes on their side, meaning forty, and four vertical bands on their side, meaning four. So the integer is 3244

The lower number:

two fingers mean twice ten thousand or twenty thousand, a lotus plant means a thousand, two coiled ropes mean two hundred, three horseshoes mean thirty-seven vertical lines mean seven, so the whole number is: 21237

How did mathematics help ancient Egypt?

Addition:

The addition was made by placing similar symbols in the two numbers added next to each other, and reading the result would be a different reading, as in this example: We want to add 2322 + 132 = 2454

Subtraction:

The subtraction was performed by removing the similar symbols in the two numbers to be subtracted and the reading of the result would be different, as in the example: 2322 – 121 = 2201

Ancient Egyptian science.

Multiplication:

The multiplication process took place in two stages: the first was to organize a table of multiples for one of the two numbers, the second was to gather some of these multiples according to the second number and add them up. For example, it is said that the result of the multiplication 17 x 15 was made as follows:

17:1

34:2

4: 68

136:8

272:16

The number 15 is 8+4+2+1

The sum of these numbers is as in the table, i.e.: 136 + 68 + 34 + 17 = 255

Division: Ancient Egyptian science.

It follows the same multiplication method, but the multiplication table must be specific to the divided number, so we choose from this table the equivalent of the value of the first number, as an example:

This process has encountered many difficulties.

Example 1: We want to divide 264 by 3, i.e., 264 + 3 = 88

The ancient Egyptian writer begins by multiplying the number 3 by the following steps:

And by assigning the numbers marked by the index and adding them up, we arrive at the result: 8 + 16 + 64 = 88.

Fractions:

they knew the fractions and they performed the four arithmetic operations for them in the same way as we explained, and they also worked to make fixed tables for all fractions and their four operations, which scientists found in the mathematical Rend Mail brochurefor the Ajamoza brochure where the table refers to the results of the division of the number 2 by the odd denominators of ( 3-101) in the details indicating the accuracy of the results, as well as the division of the numbers (1-9) by the number 10, expressed as a fraction with the numerator of the integer one.

This manuscript also contained the calculation of distances and triangles. And the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus attributed to Attributed to Scottish Egyptology Dr. Alexander Henry Rhind and copied between 1650 – 1550 BC. From a papyrus whose origin dates back to (between 1985 – 1795 BC).

Ancient Egyptian science. A list of practical problems in various areas of management and construction is presented. The text covers 84 problems related to numerical equations, practical problem solving and the calculation of geometric shapes. Four scholars collected 36 original papyrus documents from 3500 BC to 1500 BC.

Especially in mathematics, and they concluded that the Egyptians knew the area of a triangle and the area of a circle, and they said that it is 8/9 of the area of a square as a function of its diameter, and they knew the approximate ratio and the like.

Numbers and their spiritual and religious symbolism

Mathematics in Ancient Egypt – What is the science of metrology?

Length measurements:

Measurements of length date back to the time of the first dynasties as Predynastic Period and Naqada III, from which there was mention of the scale of the height of the Nile, and from the time of the Third Dynasty of Egypt during Old Kingdom there were many references to calculations and measurements referring to the palm and fingers and other measurements of length.

Ancient Egyptian science. we put a complete table of length scales. We refer with some caution to the similarity between (Shi Seb) in Egyptian and (Shu Si) in Sumerian, although the former is equivalent to 4 fingers, while the latter refers to a finger, although the length of the two is also different; The Egyptian gypsy clan measures 7 cm and the Sumerian scale is about 1.8 cm, but there are similarities in the gradation from finger to palm to hand to thumb to arm, as it is one of the two with different names and lengths.

Ancient Egyptian science.

What was the unit of measurement in ancient Egypt?

Surface ladders:

We have area measurements since ancient times, some of them are recorded in Palermo stone (like Kha, Stat) and there are many in the papyrus known as the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus.

Surface measurements in ancient Egypt

What was the ancient Egyptian measurement system?

Some measures of volume and capacity varied according to time, place and monument, but in general it can be said that the unit (Hekat) was the basic unit, since it was equivalent to 4.8 liters of the current volume units and was called thee  Hékat du  barrel, while the smallest was(Henou).

which is equivalent to a tenth of a hectare Or about 48 cm3 and the hino was called (henou  libre), and the hecate was also equivalent to 32 zu, which is a smaller unit than the  henou.

Capacity and volume measurements | Ancient Egyptian science.

Ancient Egyptian science.

Weight measurements: The main unit of weight was the Deben, which is equivalent to 13.6 g in theOld  Empire  and (91) g in the New Kingdom, and there is a weight (shaat) or (shimati) equivalent to 12/1 deben, and the commons are the weight that researchers thought was some kind of Currency in Ancient Egypt.

But in fact it was a scale of weight, and the rays of gold or silver may have had a nominal legal monetary value, but it was not silver.

How did Egyptians measure time?

The years in Egypt were not counted but, almost, in the light of the years of reign of kings or rulers, the Egyptians divided a year into three seasons eachseason consists  of four months and each month contained 30 days, and the seasons are floods as in Agriculture in Ancient Egypt, seed and harvest.

Ancient Egyptian science. Five days a year have been added to the three seasons, days to celebrate the gods as in Festivals in Ancient Egypt.

This brings the number of days of the year to 365, and the Egyptians have neglected a quarter of the day that exceeds these days, which has caused an imbalance in their time.

The hours of the day for the Egyptians were not equal and therefore were not divided into minutes, and this was one of the disadvantages of dividing time between the Egyptians, and when King Ptolemy I reigned in the range of 127 BC made the hours of the day equal, and then in the second century AD,  he did an hour divided into 60 minutes.

What science did the Egyptians use? Ancient Egyptian science.

Biology in ancient Egypt

Biology in ancient Egypt | The facts and history of the development of animal and plant sciences among the pharaohs, find out which are the most important sacred animals of the ancient Egyptians in the Pharaonic civilization.

What animal was most sacred to the Egyptians? Ancient Egyptian science.

The interest of animals has been great because it is the second source of food after plants, which human beings forget and keep, and there are many benefits in their skin, bones, and abundance. The animals that interested the Ancient Egyptians in practice were cow, bull, buffalo, donkey, horse, mule, lamb, sheep, goats, pig, birds, monkey.

Unchecked animals are lion, rhinoceros, cheetah, tiger, hyena, elephant, hippopotamus, deer, oryx, giraffe, wolf, fox, jackal, ferret, crocodile, snake, scorpions.

In The Egyptian Museum “Museums in Cairo” in Tahrir Square, there are mummies of many animals such as cows, and there is the skeleton of the sacred calf Hapi, which was a symbol of power and fertility, and a horse and skeleton dating back 2500 years.

There are skulls, structures and bones of pigs, hyenas, dogs, jackals, cats, monkeys, deer, lions, wild rams and elk, and there are rodents (such as mice, rabbits, hedgehogs), reptiles (snakes and lizards) and insects (locusts, flies, Pharaonic Scarab,  beetles, bees).

Ancient Egyptian science. Fish Mummy such as sharks, white strands, lumps, mullet, tilapia, and salted fish since 1500 BC. –  C. also appeared in the museum, and there are even statues of fish, fishing tools and mummies of crocodiles.

Why were animals so sacred in Ancient Egypt?

The animals themselves were not worshipped in Egypt, but they were symbols and manifestations of the gods; they carried the power of these gods in one or more of their manifestations, thus becoming their icons (and not them) the subject of a formal symbolic reverence, symbolizing a particular tribe or region or city concerned.

The most important of these animals are cattle, cats, sheep, rams, baboons, lions, hippos, crocodiles, snakes, falcons, eagles, egrets, ferrets, ant eaters and deer.

We have set a table in the religious search for the symbols of animals representing each god that explains what we have been to.

Ancient Egyptian science. In the temples the ancient Egyptians celebrated special animals with specific marks, such as the Hapi calf in Heliopolis, the crocodile in the city of Crocodile (Fayoum) and the ibis in Crocodile Magna and others.

The Egyptians continued to guard these animals to ensure the blessing of the gods and the prosperity of their country at the end of the era when the cult of local animals spread to such an extent that foreign dunes mocked them.

Herodotus says the Egyptian let his luggage burn and risk his life to save a cat from the flames of the fire, and the public killed a Roman citizen because he killed a cat. Most of the countless animal mummies date back to this time.

They arranged them either according to the races, or as agreed, in Pharaonic Tombs or in large cemeteries, sometimes in bronze molds made on their images, and taking care of the land allotted for the burial of animals of all kinds, holy, spoiled, and displaced, was a duty of which every Egyptian was proud: I gave bread to the hungry, and water to the thirsty.

Ancient Egyptian science. I gave clothes to those who did not have clothes, took care of the father of baboons, hawks, cats and sacred dogs and buried them  according to religious rituals, put oil on their bodies  and  I put  them  wrapped in woven linen shrouds.

The bull was the most important animal among the Egyptians for its well-known qualities, and because it was the symbol of the king who was called the “powerful bull “, this title accompanied the kings of Egypt from the first dynasty until the end of Pharaonic history. And on the other hand, the cow symbolized the God Hathor, the goddess of love, beauty, and heaven.

Before the New Kingdom, cows were white and dotted with other colors and crescent horns, but then they brought other species with short horns, high bumps, and several colors.

Ancient Egyptian science. We have to rely on the Egyptians for their great care and compassion for animals, and they took care of them either for religious reasons as we mentioned, for deep humanitarian reasons or for utilitarian reasons, and in any case, we did not see in other ancient civilizations people doing what the Egyptians had in this aspect.

Birds, especially geese and ducks, were hunted with sticks or nets, then bred, fattened and used in their song.

What crops did they grow in ancient Egypt?

The Egyptians took good care of plants because they were the first source of their food and the first source of their medicines, and Egyptian references have reminded us of these plants, which we can classify into three species (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, marsh plants).

Trees and shrubs in the ancient Egyptian civilization: Ancient Egyptian science.

Trees and shrubs: large wood plants that grow on land and need varying  amounts of water, with roots, stems and branches; vary in size, they are found in most parts of Egypt in the delta, in the Nile Valley, in the desert and in the highlands, and here is this table in their general and scientific names

Biology in ancient Egypt herbal plants in Pharaohs: Ancient Egyptian science.

These are plants that sometimes have five-year seasons, but are usually short-lived, that bloom in summer or winter and last more than one season, then bloom, and are not reconstituted as directories, some of which remain in bloom throughout the year, small in size, juicy, grassy and others flowering.

These plants fill the earth and valleys of Egypt, and here is a list of these general plants and scientific names, which are mentioned in the Egyptian papyrus:

Swampy plants of the Pharaonic civilization:

Ancient Egyptian science. These are plants that grow in swamps, marshes and water bodies in general, and usually grow in temperate and warm zones, much of which is food for humans, some of which are used in food industries such as papyrus and beets, contain a lot of cellulose and food material and have roots not deep in the soil.

The land and river of Egypt were celebrated with these plants, and the following is a list of their general and scientific names.

Sources Ancient Egyptian science: Book of Egyptian Civilization, Khazal Al-Majidi

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