Ancient Egyptian Language

Ancient Egyptian Language – Pharaonic language | the history of hieroglyphic Pharaohs, hieratic, demotic and Coptic writing in Ancient Egyptians and more about Ancient Egypt History.

Ancient Egyptian Language

What are the characteristics of the language and materials used in writing for the Egyptians for their elders and what is the Egyptian pictograph in civilization?

The Egyptian language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family (formerly called the Semitic Hemetic Languages), which includes:

1. Semitic languages
2. The Kushite languages
3.  The Begga language
4. Ancient Egyptian language
5. The Berber languages
6. Chadian language
7. The Umuth languages

What language was spoken in ancient Egypt?

The most important features of this linguistic family are the roots of these three-letter and two-letter words, the addition of letters at the beginning and end, the recall and feminization of vocabulary through the sound (t) at the end of the word, and the use of h.p. sounds. We believe that The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language began to take shape with German culture at the end of prehistoric times from The Egyptian Pharaohs kings, the Predynastic Period, the Naqada III civilization, the Dynasty 00, and Dynasty 0.

There is no doubt that the inhabitants of Jerza spoke a dialect, which is the origin of The ancient Egypt Pharaonic language in historical times. In fact, the analysis of the language reveals a relationship with the Semitic languages while at the same time with the Hemetic languages (Libyan and Berber) or Kushite (Nubian and  Ethiopian).

What is the origin of the Egyptian dialect?

It should therefore seem to recognize that the ancient Egyptian language was derived from its Hemetic and Semitic origins before it evolved on its own. Those who spoke Semitic seemed to come from Asia and, by invasion, imposed their authority and language. This language lies in the middle of a civilization at its peak of prosperity.

It had to develop rapidly, and as with the original elements of the art world, it was in turn captured by the country and received its own genius to achieve its characteristics of the languages of the Nile River Basin.

In this field, we can only imagine that this substance was at the origin of the evolution of strange verbs, passing from the synthetic analytical style to the absolute analytical style by the separation of the root of the act, which was limited to two constructed formulas and an auxiliary action.

This final status of the language, Coptic period, is similar to the actions of most African languages. Since that time, the country has experienced an organization that reminds us of what will take hold in the historical era.

What language did the Nubians speak in Egypt?

It is very relevant for two languages that have emerged, namely Nubian and Coptic. Nubian is a language of the Nile basin and desert belonging to the Afro-Asiatic language family and spoken by residents of southern and western Egypt  as Geography of ancient Egypt and Sudan, and there are those who believe that Nubian is one of the branches of the Kushite languages.

Coptic language

Coptic is the last stage of The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language, whose beginnings may have descended to the 16th century BC, that is, with the beginning of the New Kingdom influenced by Greek and its writing, while hieroglyphics represent the official written language, and became the language of the Egyptian Coptic Church and when written in alphabet, they combined the Demotic origin (7 letters) with the Greek origin (24 letters).

What are the 5 stages of ancient Egyptian language?

1. Ancient Egyptian language (archaic), before 2500 BC. and parallel to the predynastic period “First Dynasty of Egypt and Second Dynasty of Egypt“.
2. Ancient Egyptian (Ancient), parallel to the Old Kingdom with start Third Dynasty of Egypt (2686 – 2181 BC.).
3. Middle Egyptian, parallel to the Middle Kingdom with start Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (2055 – 1650 BC.).
4. Late Egyptian language, parallel to the beginning of The New Kingdom with Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt to the Late Period (1069 – 700 BC.C.).
5. Demotic, from the 17th century BC to the 5th century AD.
6. Coptic, from the beginning of the first century AD to the 17th century AD.

The roots of the ancient Egyptian language brought together many languages that surrounded it as in Ancient Egyptian religion, such as Amazigh Berber, Nubian, and Semitic languages, indicating the common origins of the ancient Egyptian people.

Today, Ancient Egyptian is a dead language, which is no longer widely used and some of its features remain in Coptic, the language of the rituals of the Coptic Orthodox Church.

The current Egyptian dialect is an Arabic dialect, although it includes many ancient Egyptian vocabularies and compositions. But it can in no way be an ancient Egyptian dialect.

The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language contains 300-word roots in common with the Semitic languages, and more than 100-word roots are common to North African dialects, so the linguistic past confirms the geographical evidence, and since Egypt is at the crossroads of Asia-Africa, the language of the ancient Egyptians contained words that reflected African and Semitic influence. However, it is necessary to decide on the spirit and individuality of the composition of this language.

What are 5 characteristics of Ancient Egypt?

1. Action system:
   • Semi-real formula system: it is found in other languages such as    Semitic.
   • The original system of conjugation: add a deficit to the fixed act such as the pro name, for example, the word “skull” means understood, and when we add the letter “F”, it becomes a skull. etc.
   • Types of actions: complete and continuous, and they are by changing the pronunciation by weakening the last letter and complete by placing a preposition between the verb and the pro noun such as (SJM N.F.) and so on
   • Verbes auxiliaries:  Widely used, instead of hearing (SJM. F), they use OW.V. Free. etc.
2. Pronoun system:
   • Subject and Possession:  Added at the end of the word
   • Feminin:   Add (t) at the end of the word such that (Sa = son) and (sat = daughter).
   • Duality:  Used in ancient language and then invalidated
   • Plural:   For the masculine letter (f) and for the feminine letter (et).
3. Names:   There is no conjugation of names.
4. Ancient Egyptian Language was sometimes lagging behind the language of everyday speech, but it quickly accompanied it after some time, then the Hieratic script, which echoes the entry of the collium of speech also in the Middle Kingdom, appeared, but the emergence of the demotic writing is an echo of the entry of collium   of the word in the New Kingdom.
5. Coptic thus echoes the entry of Greek and saturated Roman dialects into the Late, Hellenistic and Byzantine periods “Byzantine Empire”, where Coptic left the use of hieroglyphic symbols and used Greek spellings with some Hieroglyphic markers, and retained Ancient Egyptian Language in its various dialects during its rise between the two centuries (11-13) AD.

The current Egyptian dictionary contains about 20,000 vocabularies and the number increases as new texts appear and consists of common nouns such as animals, plants, minerals, objects, verbs… etc. Or the words abstracts were few and were not of high precision. The dictionary contains foreign words because of communication or wars and Military of ancient Egypt.

Coptic was poorer than ancient Egyptian. Egyptian words have entered modern languages through Scripture, Arabic, Greek or Latin such as (Pharaoh, Oasis, Abtus, Natron, Basalt, Uraius”Snake of the Head”, Phoenix, Paper, Ibis, Chemistry).

What was the Egyptian form of written language?

Neither the hieroglyph is the whole of ancient Egyptian writing, nor the Papyrus is the only way to write it; There are four stages of ancient Egyptian writing, the second hieroglyphics, and papyrus is one of the methods used in writing in addition to stone “Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy“, bones, wood, and leather as in Industry in ancient Egypt.

When did Egyptians start writing?

Pictogram “pictogramme, pictograph, picto”

Period: 3400 – 3000 B.C.

From the predynastic era to the First Dynasty of Egypt With the beginning of rule King Narmer. The beginnings of the Egyptian pectographer appeared in the pre-dynastic period, especially at the time of the two families (0) and (00) With the beginning of rule King Scorpion II when the primitive pictorial writing was on the stones, including the names and news of the kings of these two dynasties before the unification of Egypt, and we believe that the influence of the Sumerian pectograph began from this stage and this is evident in the tables of comparisons published by Waddell.

Comparative research, today, indicates that the first ancient Egyptian writing emerged from Egyptian internal elements with an external Sumerian influence that contributed to the launch of the first beginning, the first Sumerian simulated writing (pictograph) played a major role in identifying the first pictorial forms of the Egyptian pectographer that evolved and became known.

Later, in hieroglyphics, all this happened between (3200-3000 BC.) and A. Waddell published many tables showing the important Sumerian influence at the beginning of the Egyptian pectographer that you will find in the second chapter of this book.

There are nearly 2,000 biblical images (in Ancient Egyptian Language) since the end of the dynasties; etc.

Abstract ideas (at this point) have been expressed in material terms, for example, expression (sovereignty) in the form of a lion or sphinx, the idea of property as a wasp, and the idea of a multitude in thousands expressed in the form of a tadpole due to its abundance of water.

Egyptian hieroglyphs

When did hieroglyphics originate?

Period: 3000-1000 B.C.

What Egyptian hieroglyphs branch is ancient Egyptian?

Demotic writing, Coptic writing, hieratic writing and traffic writing in addition to the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet.

How did they find Egyptian hieroglyphs?

• The hieroglyphic language was used in ancient times for writing, addition, and subtraction, as well as in Ancient Egyptian science and Astronomy in ancient Egypt.
• Hieroglyphs are considered one of the oldest languages discovered.
• The first hieroglyphic manuscript was found containing pictures and initial symbols for words.
• The ancient Egyptian language was inspired by nature. There are symbols in the form of birds and plants, and they were used in Medicine in ancient Egypt, and even human organs.
• Among the symbols specific to this language are the symbols of the mouth, which means (God Ra), the eye, which means (Yari), the throne, which means (God Set), and the snake, which means (Fi).
• In the hieroglyphic language, there are also compound names, such as Ankh, which means life, and Nefer, which means beautiful.
• In ancient times, hieroglyphs were the main writing style for recording any events or landmarks. Religious texts were also written through them on Egyptian Tombs and Egyptian Temples, as well as on Egyptian Antiquities.
• The ancient Egyptians wrote their names on tombs in hieroglyphs, such as the tombs of the nobles, Tombs of The Nobles in Luxor “Thebes” | The Pharaonic Tombs from Thebes,” the tombs of the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, and statues to preserve their presence in life. They also wrote down their jobs next to the names.

When did Egyptians start using hieroglyphics?

• The beginning of the language was hieroglyphs, but the ancient Egyptian noticed that this language might need some modifications to simplify it.
• Therefore, the language began to be written in the hieratic script, which is a script characterized by simplicity and ease of writing and notation instead of hieroglyphic writing.
• After that, the Egyptians began to make some additional modifications, which came in the Demotic script.
• The Coptic script is one of the scripts that was also used to record events by the Egyptians, and the Coptic script is the Greek alphabet.

How are hieroglyphics written?

• Hieroglyphics were written from right to left and horizontally, but in some cases the writing system may change to match the general form.
• For hieratic and demotic, it is written from right to left and does not change from one circumstance to another.
  The direction of writing is known from the faces of signs such as humans and animals. If the human is facing to the right, we will read the passage from right to left.
• The language has evolved over time, but in the way it is written, not a change in the letters, for example, there is a difference in the materials used in writing.
• With the appearance of many activities of the ancient Egyptian in Ancient Egyptian Literature and transactions in Trade in Ancient Egypt and Architecture in ancient Egypt that required to be written down, the Egyptian searched for the
• simplest script to write with so that it would not take a lot of time and space as well as a high cost.
• The oldest hieroglyphic texts found date back to the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the beginning of the rule of King Sneferu from 2597 to 2471 BC.

Hieroglyphic writing:

Hieroglyphic writing appeared around the years (3300-3200 BC.) where the oldest Egyptian trace arrived and the images were used to symbolize that the initial sounds of certain words, and the images were inspired by the Egyptian plant, the animal and the human environment such as (mouth = ra, eye = ir, throne = is, house = per, snake = dje, rabbit = wen).

There are three-letter words such as “life = Ankh, Hotep = satisfied – offering, Nefer = beautiful). There were letters that expressed words, the first letters words, but they became a function of these words such as (snake = dj expressed by the letter P, the owl with the letter M, and vulture with the letter A. etc.).

The Egyptian petrographer or pictorial writing called hieroglyphics (a Greek word) has an ancient Egyptian origin, Medu neter, which is translated into it and means the latter (spiritual signs) or (sacred inscription).

“It has now been shown that Egyptian hieroglyphics are the local apostasy of the earlier style of Sumerian simulated writing by presenting most of the signs and have been painted perfectly in their natural and objective pictorial forms,” Waddell said in his book on the Sumerian origins of Egyptian civilization.

This is well observed in the explanatory arguments of egyptian writing in the previous pages and supplements, showing side by side the finely drawn signs of: bull, falcon – sun, king, boat, vases … Etc., in Egyptian writing, which was drawn only by artists trained during a remarkable and careful period, and represented in Sumerian in the initial terminological lines (extrapolation) of these animals and figures… Etc., the rapid writing by traders, with these free Egyptian hieroglyphics, is only iron or semi-protective.

Perhaps the first Sumerians arrived in Egypt and contributed to its cultural beginnings at this point, and there have already been rave influences in Gerzian culture, and here we will present the paintings (Waddell) he mentioned in his book in which he compares the Sumerian origin of Egyptian hieroglyphics.

What language does Rosetta Stone have?

• In the city of Beheira in the Delta, in 1799 AD, The Rosetta Stone was discovered while the soldiers of the French campaign were digging a trench around the Citadel of Qaitbay Rashid, Fort Julien “Fort Rashid”.
• The stone included many Egyptian symbols that were not yet known to the world.
• The young Frenchman Jean-François Champollion, one of the most important Egyptologists, was able to decipher these mysterious symbols.
• The height of the stone is 113 cm, the width is 75 cm, and the thickness is 27.5 cm.
• The stone contains painted symbols dating back to 196 BC by a group of priests of the High Priest of Amun.
• The stone contains expressions of thanks from the priests to King Ptolemy V because he decided to stop endowments for Mortuary Temples, and also decided to exempt the priests from a set of obligations.
• The stone contains three lines: the first line is hieroglyphic, the second line is demotic, and the third line is Greek.
• Hieroglyphic script has the largest share of writing on the Rosetta Stone.

How were hieroglyphics developed?

From the First Dynasty to the end of the New Kingdom era in Egypt, Egyptian writing became the prerogative of priests and clerics and seemed specific to religious matters and therefore called sacred scripture or hieroglyphics.

Hieroglyph is a word composed of two parts, Hiero, meaning sacred and glypho, meaning inscription or writing, thus meaning (sacred writing), a Greek label given by the Greeks to the Egyptian script on the walls of Egyptian temples that they considered sacred.

The oldest hieroglyphic writings (Narmer Palette) were found during excavations at Nekhen “Hierakonpolis, el-Kōm el-Aḥmar” and the script was never used outside of Egypt. It was written and read in different directions: from top to bottom, from right to left, from left to right, and in the last two cases we follow the direction of the images and know the direction, that is, if the writing images are directed to the right, it means their direction from right to left and vice versa as well.

The expression of things remained the same, and the expression of ideas evolved through an image (or several images) of things that had similar phonics, for example, the flower was pronounced in Egyptian (Nefer) and the image of the flower became indicative of all that is (good, perfect and beautiful).

In the case of a word like “Kheperu”  in Egyptian, it was difficult to write because there was not a single sign to encounter, so they cut it into three passages(Khe-pe-Ru)and put in order to write images of three things: (sieve – matte – mouth) which are images of these words respectively, and therefore writing (Kheperu) appeared without the images having anything to do with the content of the word, this stage is called the vocal scene (phonograph) that is, the transformation of the voices of Ancient Egyptian Language into images.

What is the definition of hieroglyphics in Egypt?

The next important step is the trend of Egyptian writing towards (semi-alphabetic writing) when developments in the need for rapid writing led to the selection of (24) images of widely used basic words and made them express their first character, and such an invention was the beginning of the Egyptian alphabet, but, unfortunately,  it has not been generalized to all Egyptian writing, so this writing has remained an inconclusive alphabet mixture with a phonographic character of 100,000 that still works according to the old methods.

He explains how to reach this alphabet (inconclusive) and says that the word that expresses the falcon became painted (falcon) expressing the letter (A), the arm he painted (arm, leg and foot) expressing the letter (b) and the hand became used as the letter (d), the mouth as the letter (r), the snake (j), and the lion (l)… Etc. as in this table:

“The Egyptians did not take Ancient Egyptian Language and wrote them all on the alphabet alone for wisdom, but they continued until the last era of their civilization to confuse their letters with images of symbols, ideas and syllabus of words,” explains Well Durant.

For this reason, it is difficult for scientists to read Egyptian writing, but it is easy for us to imagine that this confusion between writing in the usual way and in the abbreviated way made the writing process easier for Egyptians who found the time to learn it.

The Sinai Egyptians settled the issue and only used this alphabet, as in the server mirages in the Sinai mines, writings using this alphabet were only found in Serabit El-Khadem In the Sinai mines on the writings this alphabet is used only within limits the 1800s BC., so we were in front of the beginning of the appearance of the alphabet in a specific place, but when it left for Phoenicia, it went from drawings to simple soft lines and the alphabet emerged definitively in the range of 1000 BC.

The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language and hieroglyphics were a complex of three systems:

• Logographs: where a graph that indicates a word.
• Sound glyphs: Fixed sound markers perform a specific function such as the alphabet.
• Abstract writing e.g (ideography’s): Pictorial symbols indicating the idea.

The hieroglyphic script contains more than 2,000 composite hieroglyphic symbols. There are no clear vowels, there are fixed words, and there are no punctuation marks respace.

Egyptian hieratic language

Period: 3100 – 650 BC

It is the writing that accompanied the hieroglyphics in its origin between the pharaohs as in Social Structure in Ancient Egypt and which then prevailed from the end of the modern era to the end of the reign of the Egyptian dynasties, which is more spontaneous and less concerned, and was suitable for papyrus and written more quickly, some of which were written on textiles as Clothing in ancient Egypt, in particular Mummy in The Coffins in Ancient Egypt,  and also tended to an alphabetical way.

With hieratic writing, such as the use of papyrus, ink, and reed brush, have always been horizontal and read from right to left only, especially after the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, and this writing is the beginning of unholy worldly writing as opposed to the sacred religious hieroglyphics of the priesthood. And with it, I wrote most of the literary works.

Egyptian Demotic language

Period: 452 – 650 BC

It is a writing derived from hieratic as in Geography of ancient Egypt, which is easier than hieratic and was written by the public for its ease of expression of Ancient Egyptian Language of the general people and can be called popular writing, where all symbols and images have been transformed into simple lines.

Used to write legal, scientific, literary, and religious works and documents. It was written almost from right to left in horizontal lines, written mainly in ink on papyrus, and on wood and stone during the Ptolemaic period, regularly carved with stone, and the most famous example is the Rosetta Stone, listed in hieroglyphic, Greek and Demotic texts and was one of the keys to deciphering ancient Egyptian texts.

English Egyptologist Thomas Young made great efforts to decipher the hieroglyphic texts and few succeeded.

The following painted symbols represent the unique consonants in the emotivism:

The ancient Egyptian language continued to write horizontally from right to left, divided into three stages:

• The primary stage (650 – 332 BC)):    which replaced the hieratic since the 27th dynasty, became the official writing and later became the means of writing legal and commercial transactions, while hieroglyphics remained to write religious and commemorative texts.
• Intermediate stage (332 – 30) BC:  A writing that appeared in the Hellenistic period and at the end of the 3rd century BC, the intermediate demotic lost its importance for the Greek script, which was the official and administrative writing of Egypt.
• Late Demotic (Roman) (30 BC) J.-C. – 452 A.D.): At the beginning of the Roman occupation of Egypt, the Coptic script derived from the Greek script (with a bit of demotic) began to gradually recede and became used for some texts, on mummies and walls, and the last writing received from this stage was on 11/12/452, a demotic writing on the walls of Temple of Isis Near Old Cataract near The Temple of Philae in Aswan.

Egyptian Coptic language

Period: the Coptic era (1 – 13 AD).

It is a satirical (alphabetical) script that emerged from the Demotic language and writing within the boundaries of the first century AD, and the oldest Coptic papyrus is the Heidelberg 414 papyrus, which dates to the middle of the 3rd century AD and contains a list of Coptic vocabulary in Greek letters with the corresponding meaning in Greek.

Before Christianity, Coptic also became a writing of the texts of magic and astrology in the later phase. Under Pope Demitrius the12th Patriarch of 189-232A.D., the Egyptian Church and its faithful were able to normalize coptic writing and its language as a religious language and script for Egyptian Copts.

The decisive work was to translate the Gospel into Greek with the addition of seven Egyptian demotic letters, thus generating Coptic writing and diffusion among the people, and the most famous Coptic manuscripts dating from the late third century and early fourth century AD are the Nagaa Hamadi manuscripts.

The Coptic alphabet consists of 32 letters, seven of which are of demotic origin:

And 24 characters of Greek origin in addition to the letter (6) which does not enter the composition of the words, and which pronounces “Su = 6” that is to say the number 6.

What tool did Egyptians use to write?

1. Stone:  The first Egyptian writings since predynastic times on stones
2. Papyrus: Written abundantly on papyrus, which are thick leaves are papyrus stems attached vertically to one another and written on it in black and red ink with plumes.
3. Ostraka “potteries or stones”: either smooth limestone fractures obtained from construction sites or ruined   sites. Its use was not limited to members of the lower class, where there is a letter from the fan holder “Khai” at the head of the work “Neb Nefer” written on a fragment of white limestone. It has been widely used in hieratic discourses, and has been reduced in demotic texts. Or get ostraka broken pottery fractures that were used to write letters and to write draft letters in preparation for their subsequent transfer to the papyrus. Most of the complaints came on Ostraka was considered the most disabling alternative for people who could not afford to buy papyrus.
4. Wood: It was rarely used because its surface did not keep the writing for a long time, but heretical text patterns were found on the wood.
5. Walls, stone, and porcelain.

What language did Pharaoh speak?

There is no doubt that there is a relationship between the Egyptian and Arabic languages due to the participation of   the common Semitic roots, which has prompted many scholars to say that the common relationship derives from each other, but this is only the emergence of generations of languages and dialects of the great mother tongues, which is normal. It is the fact that Egypt relates to modern European languages.

Here we observe the common words between Arabic and Egyptian (in Tables I and II) and English (in Table III) with their writing in these languages:

The intermediate Arab efforts that paved the way for the de-encryption of hieroglyphics and the ancient Egyptian language:

It should be noted that Champollion’s efforts to read and decipher the ancient Egyptian language and writing came with the help of a group of Arab scholars who preceded him in this field and left their efforts in books translated mainly into European languages, and we do not claim that they were able to decipher everything.

Ancient Egyptian Language and to translate texts into it, but he limited himself to the preliminary knowledge that his calendar in the Middle Ages did not allow its growth as an independent effort in the absence of archaeology, civilization and history in his methods. Scientist. These efforts include:

1. Jaber Ebn Hayyan (721-815 AD), a chemist from Iraq, whose books “Reveals of   Symbols” and “The Happener” included attempts to read some hieroglyphic writing symbols.
2. Ayoub Ebn Maslama, an Egyptian scientist who accompanied the caliph embassy “Al-Maamun” during his visit to Egypt, could have read some ancient Egyptian inscriptions.
3. The Egyptian Sufist Zo Al-Nun Al-Masry (796-859 AD), who was born in Akhmim (a city in Sohag province), said he was good at reading the texts recorded on the temple walls.

One of the most important works remaining from his book “The Solution of Symbols”, “And exonerated the figures by revealing the origins of Ancient Egyptian Language and  pens”, which included a mention of ancient lines, including hieroglyphic signs accompanied by acoustic value as he read them,  and “The  Sufist Zo Al-Nun Al-Masry),as in the case of Ibn  Wahshaya – was a contemporary of the latter and was known for his visit to Al-Barabi and his attempt to decipher ancient Egyptian writings.

He was also a contemporary of him: Osman Ebn Sweid, Abu Hari al-Akhimimi of Akhmim, a village in Egypt, and he was a presenter in the chemical industry and his father, and he has with the son of the brutality of the debates and between them others, like Ebn al-Nadeem, which lists his works, including (the book of the rejection of the illusion of Egyptian light), and makes him one of the pupils    of Jaber Ebn Hayyan alongside Al-Razi.

1. Ibn Wahshaya al-Nabaty of Iraq(10th  century) was a chemist and the author of the study “Longing to Be Inspired by the Knowledge of The Symbols of Numbers”, which was published in Arabic with the English translation by the Austrian orientalist Joseph H. R. Vaughn, published in London in 1806 AD, before the scientist  Jean  François Champollion does announce the discovery of hieroglyphic writing in 1822, in which Ibn  Wahshaya got to know the sound values of Egyptian hieroglyphic signs,  and referred to the so-called allowances contained at the end of words to help know the meaning of words.
2. Ibn Al-Fatiq (10-11th century) referred to Pythagoras’ knowledge of Ancient Egyptian Language lineages, the lineage of kings (hieroglyphics), the lineage of priests (hieratichetic and the general lineage (demotic).
3. Abu al-Qassim, an Iraqui-Egyptian who died in 1341, is the author of the book “The Seven Regions”, which included copies of some ancient Egyptian texts.
4. Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442 AD), who showed great interest in hieroglyphics, provided a translation of some ancient Egyptian texts; and even acted like contemporary archaeologists, accurately describing the impact of writing as a kind of archaeological documentation.

References The ancient Egyptian Pharaonic language: Book of Gates of Egyptian Civilization, Egypt

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