Greek-Roman era

Greek-Roman era of ancient Egypt (332 BC – 396 AD) | facts and history of the Roman Empire, how it began and more.

Facts and history of the Pharaonic civilization, the Roman Empire, how it began, the most important Female Pharaohs and Egyptian Pharaohs kings, Pharaonic Egyptian Monuments, and the achievements of that period throughout the Ancient Egypt History..

Greek-Roman era Facts

The Roman era is one of the historical eras that included many events, starting from the beginning of the empire and the stages of prosperity, all the way to the stages of turmoil and Revolutions in Ancient Egypt that threatened its existence. Learn about this information and stages below..

What was the capital of the empire in Roman times?

Rome was the first capital, Mediolanum the capital of the West, and Constantinople the capital of the East from 286-330..

What was the official language of the Roman Empire?

Greek and Latin were the official languages ​​until 610.

Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?

Augustus was the first emperor from 27 BC to 14 AD.

When was the founding of the empire in the Roman era?

The empire was founded in 30 to 2 BC.

Kings Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs of the Macedonian Greeks dynasty:

The era of the Roman Kingdom | Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs kings

It was period Temporary rule for the rulers of the throne of Egypt for a period Greek-Roman era from 30 to 2 BC.

• Imperator Augustus
• Imperator Diocletian
• Trajan
• Tiberius
• Caracalla

Greek and Roman era

Time period: 332 BC – 642 AD.

When Egypt was in a cultural decline in Ancient Egyptian science, Medicine in ancient Egypt, and Ancient Egyptian Literature, Greece was in a civilizational rise that was later destined to collide with all the remaining civilizations of the East until Alexander the Great was able to reach the borders of the entire ancient world, following in his dream of forming a world state. Egypt was one of the first to be captured, and Egypt went through the following stages:

Invasion of Alexander the Great: 332 BC

The Ptolemaic era (332-30 BC).)

Roman era (30 BC – 295 AD).)

Byzantine and Coptic era (337-641) AD

The Arab-Islamic era began in 642 AD.

Alexander built many cities, which he called the city of Alexandria. Egyptology sources stated that their number exceeded seventy cities, and about twenty of them were known. Perhaps the most famous Alexandria in the world is Alexandria in Egypt. After Alexander’s death, all of Egypt fell under the rule of Ptolemy, Alexander’s commander.

Soon, Ptolemy gradually came under the influence of the remaining echoes of Egyptian civilization, and an attractive mixture of Hellenistic civilization arose in Egypt. Ptolemy became the new Pharaoh of Egypt, and the city of Alexandria became a great center for Hellenistic culture, and the Ptolemaic kings supported it without borders, so the Alexandria National Museum “Museums in Alexandria” was established there. In Alexandria,” which was first devoted to masters of the arts.

Two or three generations passed, during which the scientific research conducted in Alexandria was of excellent quality, and an extraordinary group of scientific pioneers and natural scientists appeared there, such as Euclid in geometry, Apollonius in mathematics, Hipparphus in Astronomy in ancient Egypt, Heron the inventor, Archimedes in physics, Herphilus in anatomy, and others..

Library of Alexandria became the greatest encyclopedic bookstore in the ancient world, and Egypt turned into an intellectual and spiritual laboratory from which the great Hellenistic blogs emerged. Accordingly, “we find in this institution for the first time the specific beginning of the intellectual movement in which we live today, and in it we find knowledge.” They are gathered and distributed in an orderly manner. The establishment of this museum and this library marks the beginning of one of the great eras in the history of the world. It is the true beginning of modern history..

Egyptian civilization and Greek civilization:

One of the strangest phenomena at this stage was that the Egyptian religion maintained its cohesion and strength without being exposed, in the Greek period in particular, to cracks or vibrations in its deep structures. Adolf Ehrmann believes the reason for this was the prior collusion between the kings and the priests..

For this reason, the Greek kings and Roman emperors made the religious authority, as well as the Ancient Egyptian religion, under their protection, provided that it supported the temporal authority on its part. This relationship, which lasted for nearly five hundred years, provided Egyptian worship with a happy ending, as it remained among the Egyptian Temples until the end surrounded by majesty and greatness, and the government continued to protect it even at a time when its people themselves began to abandon it..

Manifestations of sanctification continued in the era of the Roman Kingdom and the deification of ancient Egyptian kings and Egyptian deities. The Greek kings and Roman emperors became gods on the official level, i.e. (government gods). As for the people, they did not worship them. Rather, the sycophantic priests had obtained a new title that brought them closer to the kings as gods: the title of priests. (gods who love their sisters) or priests (benevolent gods).).

Despite the formal mixing between the Greek and Egyptian gods, the magic of the Egyptian gods remained strong in the hearts of the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, and the worship of the Egyptian gods even invaded Europe..

The only phenomenon of the living and creative blending between the Egyptian and Greek gods is in the appearance of the god Serapis, who is the god (God Osiris – Apis), the sacred bull Apis in the image of the dead Osiris, whom the Greeks raised to a high rank and became the main god in the Ptolemaic kingdom and was merged with Zeus..

The worship of the God Isis rose and became the epitome of feminine divinity, and over time the characteristics of Egyptian and Greek female deities were combined in her, as in the myths of the Pharaohs “Egyptian Mythology“. The child God Horus (Harphard), or as he is called in Greek (Harpocrates), was the son god of Serapis and Isis..

Egyptian civilization and Roman civilization:

Egyptian civilization continued to interact and influence the civilization of the Roman Kingdom, and its temptation against the Romans was great in various fields and in religion in particular. “And when the Romans came to Egypt; Egypt turned into a state in 30 BC.

This divine trinity sat on the throne of Egyptian religion and passed to Roman religion. Magic in ancient Egypt again, and the sciences of astrology and alchemy prevailed, and the magical side of them was the strongest, and the ancient magic arts remained of primary importance, which is the healing of diseases and wounds, love spells, the incantation of bringing power and prestige, and all the strange spells that arouse madness and illness. It was believed that the magician in that era could understand the logic of birds and reptiles, open the heavens and earth, and the ancestral world, and summon the dead from their world..

With the end of the Egyptian religion, there were two things, the first of which was the slow merging of the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman gods. He made the Greek gods prevail in terms of form and the Egyptian gods in terms of content.

History of the founding of the empire, the era of the Roman Kingdom

Rome was initially a republic, and began expanding shortly after that republic was founded.

Ancient Rome was not a state in the actual sense of the word, but rather a group of interconnected cities and a group of provinces, as in the Geography of ancient Egypt, administered by military commanders in the Military of ancient Egypt.

In the first century BC, Rome went through a series of turmoil, both on the military and political levels.

The Roman Kingdom in the late second century also suffered from a series of conspiracies and internal wars.

In 44 BC Julius was the dictatorial Caesar for a short period due to his assassination.

Octavian’s forces defeated Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Empire..

The constitutional system did not disappear quickly, but Augustus, who was appointed by the Senate of Rome, was in control of this constitutional system..

Augustus was loved because he was able to restore safety to Rome and end a large series of wars.

For 200 years, Romania flourished in all aspects, including the region, Social Structure in Ancient Egypt, economics, and Trade in Ancient Egypt.

The fall of the empire in the West

The crisis of the third century that the Roman Empire went through, which is the period during which the Roman Kingdom went through a lot of civil unrest in addition to economic collapse and the plague..

Aurelian came and was able to bring the empire back under control again.

Diocletian then completed the march and divided the empire into four regions, with each quarter ruled by a different ruler.

The Tetrarchy quickly collapsed, but order was restored by Constantine the Great, the first emperor to convert to Christianity, who also founded Constantinople.

The empire was divided into an eastern and western axis, and the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate due to migration and conquest.

Although the Empire succeeded in repelling the repeated attacks, the Western Axis began to collapse after Augustus was forced to abdicate the throne to the German Odoacer..

A glimpse into society in Greek-Roman era

One of the features that distinguished the era of the Roman Kingdom was the presence of a multiplicity of cultures.

The Roman era was one of the eras that paid most attention to public monuments, through amphitheaters and public baths.

Like many societies, the Roman era contained societal classes from the upper classes to the lower classes.

However, maintaining societal balance was also one of the most important features of the Roman era, as social life was enhanced by relying on voluntary associations..

Fraternities or fellowships are associations formed for purposes such as guilds of Industry in ancient Egypt and Trade in Ancient Egypt, as well as making private clubs for drinking and dining in ancient Egypt for all people..

Women in Greek-Roman era

Women in the era of the Roman Kingdom, although free, did not hold any political positions and were not conscripted into the army either.

The woman also kept her family surname, while the children bore the father’s name, but when the empire was established, the children’s name was formed from the mother’s name..

The woman retained ownership of all her property after marriage, and remained under her father’s authority even after marriage. Upon her father’s death, she was legally free in the Law in Ancient Egypt.

The husband does not have any legal authority over the husband, but unfortunately there was a poor societal view of divorced women.

Constitution of the Greek-Roman era

The empire during the Roman Kingdom consisted of three elements, the first element being the central government.

The second element is the army and the third is the regional government.

The army was in control of any area where there was war, and the police protected citizens, fields, and religious sites.

The Roman Empire was poor in terms of human resources, and it was poor in modern equipment to defend its lands.

The central authority represented by the emperor was the greatest authority, as the emperor had absolute authority and no one participated with him in making decisions or policies.

The Empire’s private army was a professional army that volunteered for twenty years, and the army in this era was considered a full-fledged business.

The army’s missions and divisions were multiple: the garrison in Rome worked as police and firefighters, the territorial army and the naval army..

Note: Facts and secrets of the history of the Pharaoh kings will be added soon…

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