Mamluk Period & The Arts of the Mamluks in History Egypt | Facts, Mamluk architecture, Leaders, achievements, Decline and more…
The era of the Mamluks | Facts and history of Egypt in the era of the Mamluks and the most important kings of that period, achievements and wars. Why was it called by this name, who is the founder of the Mamluk state, when did it start and how did it end, and more.
The Mamluk era in the rule of Egypt is one of the historical eras that Egypt experienced, and the Mamluk state is one of the Islamic countries that dates back to the third Abbasid era. The borders of that state extended to the Levant and the Hijaz. Learn about other information about the Mamluk era.
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Mamluk Period Egypt
• Since the fall of the Ayyubid state in 648 AH until the Ottoman Empire reached its power by annexing Sultan Selim I, Levant and Egypt after the defeat of the Mamluks in the Battle of Raydaniyah.
• It is said that the Mamluk state had two branches, the Bahri Mamluk state and the Burjian Mamluk state, and most of the first state was the Turks and the Mongols.
• While the Circassians were the majority in the second country, the Mamluks in general were warriors and their origins were slaves.
• The Abbasid Caliphs brought them from the Caucasus and Turkestan to be their guards and also among the Muslim armies.
• With the passage of time, the influence of the Mamluks began to flourish, and with time they became in control of the caliphate.
• After the fall of Baghdad, the Ottoman Empire, the Mamluks were the saviors of the Islamic world.
• Where the Islamic caliphate fell into the hands of the Mongols and their leader Hulagu Khan.
• After the killing of the Caliph Abu Ahmad Abdullah Al-Musta’sim Billah, the Mongols marched to Egypt and the Levant to seize it.
• The Mamluk Sultan Seif al-Din Qutuz sent an army to Palestine to repel the Mongol army and protect the heart of the Islamic State.
• Muslims were able to defeat the Mongols in a battle called the Battle of Ain Jalut, which was in northern Palestine.
The beginning of the Mamluk Period
• The only goal of the Mamluks was not only to fight the Mongols, but they also fought the Crusaders at the hands of King Al-Zahir Baybars.
• The Crusaders’ castles and cities fell into the hands of the Muslims until Baybars was able to recapture Karak, Safed, Jaffa and Erg, as well as Jubail.
• After that, Seif al-Din Qalawun came and carried out the work of al-Zahir Baybars, as he was able to recover the fortress of Marqab, Tripoli and the Levant.
• The Mamluks were able to take over Egypt in the period between 1250 until 1517 AD.
• The period of rule was divided into two parts or two periods, the first period, which was in 1250 until 1382 AD.
• It is the Mamluk Maritime State, which was founded by Izz al-Din Aybek, and the second period was from 1382 until 1517 AD, and it was established by al-Zafir Barquq al-Othmani, the Circassian.
• The second state continued to rule Egypt until the fall of the entire Mamluk state and the transfer of the state to the Ottomans.
History of the Mamluks
• The first state lasted 144 years, and about 29 sultan succeeded in that period, so it was called the Mamluk state as having many rulers.
• The Mamluk State was also famous for its many coups and military problems. Among the problems experienced by the Mamluk State were the killing of nearly 29 Sultans and 12 deposed.
• While 55 Sultans came to the second Mamluk state, 35 of them witnessed a coup, and more than 20 Sultans ended their lives either by execution or assassination.
• The Mamluk rule over Egypt lasted for nearly two and a half centuries, and during that period the Mamluks achieved a set of military achievements.
On the other hand, it faced a group of economic, political and social failures.
• The Mamluks also achieved a number of architectural successes, as their era witnessed great progress in various arts, including the arts of construction and decoration.
• One of the reasons for the fall of the Mamluk state is the material extravagance of architecture.
The first Mamluk state
• Najm al-Din Ayyub founded the Mamluk Maritime State, and the families of the State are divided into two families.
• The first dynasty is the Baybars al-Bandaqdari family, and Baybars ruled for seventeen years.
• Baibars made several administrative amendments, including the revival of the Abbasid Caliphate.
• He did this by moving the seat of the caliphate to Cairo.
• The second family is the family of Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, and Qalawun ruled Egypt for half a century.
Many rulers came after Qalawun, until Prince Barquq came, who established the second Mamluk state.
The second Mamluk state
• That state belongs to Seif al-Din Barquq, one of the grandsons of al-Mansur Qalawun.
• Seif El-Din became the most important Mamluk statesman, and Egypt witnessed unprecedented architectural and artistic progress.
• The second state ruled Egypt for 135 years and the kingdom ended with the defeat of Sultan Tuman Bey.
• Among the monuments dating back to the early Mamluk period is the Al-Zahir Baybars Mosque, as well as the tomb and ribat of Sheikh Suef Al-Ajmi Al-Adawi.
• There is a group of schools, including the King Mansour Qalawun School and the Dome of Sultan Qalawun Mosque.
• The Madrasa and Dome of Prince Hossam El-Din Tarantai Al-Mansoori is one of the monuments in Egypt, as well as the Sidi Gary Mosque and the Imam Al-Busairi Mosque in Alexandria.
• Among the antiquities of the second state are the Sheikh Ali Al-Rubi Mosque in Fayoum Governorate and the Sidi Ibrahim Al-Matbouli Mosque located in Qalyubia Governorate.
• There is also the Al-Zaher Barquq School located in Al-Muizz Li-Din Allah Street, as well as the Ismail bin Mazen Al-Hawari Mosque.
